The Bald-faced Hornet (Dolichovespula maculata) is the most frequently encountered black and white wasp associated with danger. This species is not a true hornet but a large, highly social wasp closely related to yellowjackets. It is considered dangerous due to its extremely defensive and aggressive nature, especially when its nest is disturbed. Its sting is painful, and it is capable of stinging repeatedly.
Identifying the Most Common Black and White Wasp
The Bald-faced Hornet is easily recognized by its distinct coloration and physical structure. The insect’s body is predominantly black with characteristic white or ivory-colored markings. These markings are most prominent on the face, giving it a “bald” or white-masked appearance, and on the posterior end of the abdomen. Workers typically measure between 1/2 and 5/8 of an inch in length, making them noticeably larger than many common wasp species.
This species constructs a unique, enclosed nest made from chewed wood fibers mixed with saliva, resulting in a gray, paper-like material. These nests are large, often described as football or basketball-shaped, and can reach up to 24 inches in length. They are typically built high off the ground in trees, shrubs, or under the eaves of buildings, offering a visible warning sign of the colony’s presence.
Assessing the Danger and Aggression Level
The primary source of danger from the Bald-faced Hornet lies in its highly social structure and fierce territorial defense. These wasps will aggressively protect their colony against any perceived threat. They are particularly sensitive to vibrations and loud noises, such as those from lawnmowers, which can trigger a rapid swarm attack.
A colony can contain several hundred workers by the end of the summer, and disturbing the nest can provoke a coordinated and concentrated attack. Unlike honeybees, which die after stinging, the Bald-faced Hornet possesses a smooth stinger that allows it to sting multiple times without injury. This ability means a single wasp can inject a substantial amount of painful venom, and a swarming attack can result in numerous stings. The venom causes immediate, excruciating pain and significant localized swelling. In addition to stinging, these wasps can spray venom toward the face or eyes of an intruder as a defensive measure.
Immediate Steps After a Sting
If a sting occurs, quickly leave the area to prevent additional stings from the highly defensive colony. Once safely away, the sting site should be thoroughly washed with soap and water to reduce the risk of infection. Applying a cold compress or an ice pack wrapped in cloth to the affected area can help to minimize swelling and alleviate pain.
Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can manage localized discomfort. Antihistamines may also be taken to help reduce itching and swelling that often accompany the venom reaction.
It is important to monitor the individual for signs of a severe allergic reaction, known as anaphylaxis. If any of these symptoms appear, seek emergency medical attention by calling 911 immediately.
Signs of Anaphylaxis
- Difficulty breathing
- Wheezing
- Swelling of the face, mouth, or throat
- Dizziness
- Rapid pulse
Individuals with a known allergy should use an epinephrine auto-injector, such as an EpiPen, without delay, as allergic reactions can progress rapidly. Even without a known allergy, any sting on the mouth, eyes, or throat requires immediate medical consultation due to the risk of airway swelling.