Buckthorn berries are poisonous to humans and pets, and their ingestion can lead to significant physical discomfort. The common species, including Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) and Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus), produce small fruits that contain compounds harmful to the digestive system. Consuming them can quickly result in severe gastrointestinal distress, making identification and avoidance the best preventative measures. This potential for harm classifies the plant as a poisonous species throughout the United States and Canada.
Identifying Common and Glossy Buckthorn
The two most frequently encountered invasive buckthorn species display distinct physical traits that aid in their recognition. Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) is typically identified by its leaves, which are oval-shaped, finely toothed along the edges, and arranged in a sub-opposite pattern. These leaves also show a characteristic venation pattern with three to five pairs of veins that curve distinctly toward the leaf tip.
The twigs of Common Buckthorn often terminate in a sharp, modified spine or thorn, which is a differentiating feature from its relative. Its pea-sized fruits ripen to a jet black color by early fall and often persist on the branches throughout the winter months.
In contrast, Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus) has leaves that are smooth, without teeth, and possess a shiny, dark green surface with parallel veins. Glossy Buckthorn leaves are arranged alternately along the stem, a clear distinction from the common species. The fruits of this species also begin green but progress through a red stage before finally darkening to a deep purple or black color. Both varieties produce these small, fleshy fruits, which are primarily dispersed by birds.
The Mechanism of Toxicity and Associated Symptoms
The toxicity of buckthorn berries stems from a group of chemical substances known as anthraquinone glycosides, which are present throughout the plant’s leaves and fruit. When the berries are consumed, these glycosides are metabolized in the body into compounds like emodin. The primary action of this metabolite is as a potent laxative, or cathartic, which dramatically affects the digestive tract.
This purgative effect causes a rapid and forceful increase in intestinal motility, leading to the most common symptoms of ingestion. Individuals who have consumed the berries typically experience intense abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea that can be quite severe. The intensity of these symptoms is generally related to the quantity of berries eaten and the age or size of the person, with children being particularly vulnerable due to their smaller body mass.
The berries also pose a risk to household pets, particularly dogs and cats, who may encounter the plants in yards or parks. Ingestion of the fruits or leaves by animals can lead to similar signs of gastrointestinal upset, including vomiting, excessive drooling, and persistent diarrhea. Pet owners should be vigilant, as large quantities of ingested buckthorn can necessitate immediate veterinary medical attention to manage the resulting dehydration and distress.
Emergency Response and Treatment
Immediate action is necessary if buckthorn berries are consumed by a person or a pet. Do not wait for symptoms to manifest before seeking professional advice, as early consultation can significantly influence the outcome. The first step is to contact Poison Control by calling the national toll-free number, 1-800-222-1222, which connects callers to a local poison expert.
When making the call, be ready to provide details such as the age and weight of the affected person, the approximate amount of berries consumed, and the time of ingestion. It is also beneficial to bring a sample of the plant or a clear photograph to the medical facility if possible, to confirm the exact species for the attending staff.
Treatment for buckthorn ingestion is primarily supportive, focusing on managing the severe gastrointestinal symptoms and preventing dehydration. This supportive care often involves fluid replacement and monitoring the individual’s condition until the body has processed the toxic agents. For pet owners, contacting an emergency veterinarian is imperative to stabilize the animal and address the acute digestive distress.