The European Paper Wasp (Polistes dominula) is an insect native to Europe that became a widespread invasive species across North America after its introduction in the 1970s. It has successfully colonized much of the continent, often displacing native paper wasp species. People frequently encounter this insect near homes, raising questions about its potential danger compared to other stinging pests. This article clarifies the species’ identification, assesses the sting risk, and provides guidance for safe management.
Identifying the European Paper Wasp
The European Paper Wasp is often mistaken for the aggressive Yellow Jacket due to its prominent black and yellow coloration. However, P. dominula has distinct physical features that allow for accurate identification. This wasp has a noticeably slender body with a pronounced, thin “wasp waist,” contrasting with the stockier build of a Yellow Jacket.
A clear distinguishing feature is the color of the antennae, which are typically orange or yellow-tipped, unlike the completely black antennae of Yellow Jackets. In flight, the European Paper Wasp also exhibits a unique behavior: flying with its long hind legs visibly dangling beneath its body. Yellow Jackets, conversely, tuck their legs tightly against their bodies while airborne.
The nest structure offers another reliable identification clue. European Paper Wasps construct an open-celled, umbrella-shaped comb made from a papery material, with hexagonal cells visible from below. Unlike a Yellow Jacket nest, it is not enclosed in a protective paper envelope. These wasps often place their nests in sheltered, dark void areas, such as under roof eaves, inside wall voids, electrical boxes, or vent pipes.
Assessing the Sting Risk and Aggression
The danger posed by the European Paper Wasp depends on its temperament, which is more reserved compared to the aggressive Yellow Jacket. When foraging away from the nest, these wasps are typically docile and unlikely to sting unless physically handled or trapped. However, their behavior shifts when they perceive a threat to their colony.
If a nest is disturbed, the wasps will aggressively defend it. They can sting repeatedly because their stingers are not barbed. The pain from a single sting is often described as a sharp, burning sensation, which is relatively mild compared to other stinging insects. On the Schmidt Sting Pain Index, the sting is rated around a 2, meaning it is painful but not debilitating for most people.
The primary risk associated with this wasp is the potential for multiple stings and the possibility of a severe allergic reaction, known as anaphylaxis. Like all wasp stings, the venom contains components that can trigger a life-threatening systemic response in sensitive individuals. Because P. dominula frequently nests in concealed, high-traffic areas like eaves or grills, homeowners may accidentally disturb the colony, increasing the chance of being stung. Colony defense intensifies in the late summer and early fall as the population peaks and resources become scarcer.
Safe Nest Management and Prevention
The decision to manage a European Paper Wasp nest should be based on its location and the level of human activity nearby. Nests in low-traffic areas, such as high up in a remote tree, can often be left alone, as the wasps provide beneficial insect control by preying on caterpillars. Nests in high-traffic zones, like near doorways, under deck railings, or inside play equipment, should be addressed to mitigate sting risk.
For removal, timing is a considerable factor. The best practice is to treat the nest at night when all worker wasps and the queen are present and less active. Homeowners attempting removal should use aerosol sprays specifically designed for wasps and hornets, which project a stream of insecticide from a safe distance. If the nest is large, difficult to access, or if there is a known allergy risk, contact a pest management professional for safe removal.
Preventative measures focus on eliminating potential nesting sites and food sources. It is helpful to seal up cracks, holes, or gaps in the exterior of buildings, particularly in soffits, eaves, and wall voids, to discourage queens from establishing a new colony in the spring. Simple actions like promptly removing fallen fruit and ensuring outdoor garbage cans have tight-fitting lids can deter foraging wasps. Early in the season, knocking down small, newly-formed nests when only the queen is present prevents the colony from expanding.