A laryngeal spasm (laryngospasm) is the sudden, involuntary closing of the vocal cords, which temporarily restricts the flow of air into the lungs. This reflex is essentially a muscle cramp in the larynx, acting as the body’s protective mechanism to prevent foreign substances like water or stomach acid from entering the trachea. The abrupt inability to breathe or speak makes the event feel incredibly frightening and causes significant distress. Understanding the mechanism and context of the spasm is necessary to address concerns about potential danger.
What Happens During a Laryngeal Spasm?
The larynx, or voice box, houses the vocal cords, which normally open to allow air into the lungs and close when speaking or swallowing. During a laryngeal spasm, the surrounding muscles contract suddenly and forcefully, causing the cords to clamp shut. This reflex closure completely or partially blocks the airway, leading to the sensation of choking or suffocation.
The inability to inhale is the most alarming symptom, though many individuals can still exhale or cough. A typical laryngeal spasm is brief, usually lasting less than 60 seconds. As the vocal cords begin to relax and open, the person often takes a sudden, difficult breath that results in a high-pitched, strained sound known as stridor.
Assessing the Danger
While the sensation of suffocation is intense and terrifying, common laryngeal spasms are generally considered benign and self-limiting. The body’s physiological response typically causes the vocal cords to relax before oxygen deprivation becomes a serious issue. The perceived danger is high due to the panic and inability to breathe, but the actual physical risk for an otherwise healthy person is low.
The transient nature of the spasm means it rarely leads to long-term physical harm. However, when associated with general anesthesia or severe underlying neurological conditions, a prolonged spasm may require immediate medical intervention. Spasms triggered by irritants or reflux are not considered life-threatening.
Common Causes and Triggers
Laryngeal spasms are often a symptom of an underlying condition causing hypersensitivity or irritation of the laryngeal nerves. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) or Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) are frequent culprits. With reflux, stomach acid or digestive contents irritate the delicate tissue of the larynx, triggering the protective closure reflex.
Emotional responses, such as high stress or intense anxiety, can also act as triggers. Furthermore, the laryngeal tissue is sensitive to sudden environmental changes or irritants. Exposure to cold air, dust, smoke, fumes, or post-nasal drip from a cold or allergy can provoke the involuntary muscle contraction.
Immediate Steps and Medical Consultation
During an acute laryngeal spasm, the most immediate action is to remain calm, as panic can prolong the episode. Controlled breathing techniques can help shorten the duration. One technique involves taking two quick, short sniffs through the nose and then exhaling slowly through pursed lips to help relax the vocal cords. Sitting upright and focusing on slow, deliberate exhalation, rather than attempting to gasp for air, is recommended.
While most spasms resolve quickly, recurrent episodes warrant consultation with a healthcare provider to identify and address the underlying cause. A doctor can investigate potential triggers like GERD or vocal cord dysfunction and recommend specific treatments. Emergency medical care is necessary if the spasm lasts longer than a few minutes, if there is a loss of consciousness, or if the person’s skin or lips turn blue, indicating a sustained lack of oxygen.