Montgomery glands are a normal part of breast anatomy present in all people. The small bumps visible on the areola, the dark skin surrounding the nipple, are the openings of these glands. While their appearance can sometimes cause concern, these structures, also known as Montgomery tubercles or areolar glands, are a natural feature with an important biological purpose.
Defining Montgomery Glands
The small, raised bumps seen on the areola are collectively referred to as Montgomery tubercles, which are the visible openings for the underlying Montgomery glands. These are specialized skin glands that are a combination of sebaceous (oil-producing) glands and sometimes modified milk glands. They are present in all individuals, regardless of sex or age, though they often become more noticeable in certain circumstances.
The number of these visible bumps varies widely from person to person, ranging from a few to as many as 40 on each areola. They typically look like tiny, flesh-toned or goosebump-like protrusions. The primary function of the underlying gland is to produce a substance that protects the nipple and surrounding skin.
The Essential Function of the Glands
The function of Montgomery glands is to secrete an oily substance called sebum. This secretion acts as a natural moisturizer and protective coating for the delicate skin of the nipple and areola, helping prevent the skin from drying out, cracking, or becoming irritated. The sebum contains antimicrobial properties, offering a natural defense against bacteria and other microorganisms. This protective function is important during periods like breastfeeding, where the skin is exposed to friction and moisture.
Beyond lubrication and protection, the glands also produce a unique, volatile scent. This scent is believed to act as an olfactory cue for newborn infants, helping to guide them toward the nipple for feeding. Studies suggest this natural aroma encourages a baby to latch on and promotes early feeding success.
Factors That Influence Visibility
While Montgomery glands are always present, their visibility is influenced by hormonal changes. Fluctuations in hormones, particularly progesterone and estrogen, can cause the glands to enlarge and become more prominent. This change in appearance is a normal physiological response.
The glands frequently become noticeable during puberty as hormone levels surge and breast development begins. They may also appear larger during the pre-menstrual phase of the cycle, when progesterone levels are elevated. Pregnancy and lactation cause the most significant increase in visibility, as hormonal preparation for breastfeeding causes the glands to swell and often darkens the areola. Other factors like friction from tight clothing, skin irritation, or general arousal can cause a temporary increase in their size and prominence.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While changes in the glands’ appearance are usually normal, certain signs may indicate a blockage or infection requiring medical evaluation. A clogged gland, similar to a pimple, can sometimes lead to localized inflammation. Avoid attempting to squeeze or pop the tubercles, as this can force bacteria deeper into the skin and cause an infection.
A medical consultation is recommended if the area around one or more glands becomes persistently red, hot to the touch, or painful. Other signs of potential infection include significant, rapid swelling that does not resolve, or any unusual discharge, such as pus or blood. You should also consult a healthcare provider if you notice a firm, unmoving lump or any change in the skin texture that resembles dimpling or an orange peel appearance.