Biotic factors are defined as living organisms or anything derived from them, such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. This classification stands in contrast to abiotic factors, which are the non-living chemical and physical components of an environment, including water, temperature, and light. While a seed may appear inert and lifeless, its entire purpose is to carry the genetic material of a living plant to the next generation. The temporary stillness of a seed represents a sophisticated survival strategy that confirms its status as a biotic entity.
Defining Biotic Status
To be classified as biotic, an entity must satisfy specific criteria that collectively define life itself. These criteria include cellular organization, meaning the entity is composed of one or more basic units called cells. A living organism must also possess a metabolism, which is the internal transformation of energy used to maintain cellular structure and perform work.
Furthermore, a biotic organism must be capable of growth, development, and reproduction to pass on its genetic material (DNA or RNA). It must also be able to respond to stimuli and maintain homeostasis to be scientifically classified as a living entity.
Anatomy of a Seed
The seed’s anatomy contains the physical components necessary to meet the criteria for life. The core is the embryo, a miniature, fully organized plant possessing the rudimentary root, stem, and leaves. Developed from a fertilized egg, the embryo is diploid and holds the complete genetic blueprint (DNA) for a new organism.
Surrounding the embryo are the cotyledons or endosperm, which function as a nutrient storage organ. This stored food—primarily starches, proteins, and fats—provides the energy needed to fuel the organism’s metabolism once growth begins. The entire structure is encased by the seed coat (testa), a protective layer that acts as a physical barrier and mediates water intake until conditions are favorable.
Dormancy and the Transition to Life
The confusion surrounding a seed’s biotic status often stems from its state of dormancy, which can make it appear non-living for extended periods. Dormancy is a genetically programmed, reversible suspension of active growth that is distinct from death. During this phase, the seed significantly reduces its metabolic rate to an extremely low level, conserving stored energy.
Even while resting, the seed is not inert; it performs minimal metabolic functions, such as continuous DNA repair, necessary to maintain its viability and genetic integrity. The transition from dormancy to active life, known as germination, is triggered by the return of favorable abiotic conditions. Water is the primary trigger, as its absorption through the seed coat (imbibition) is the physical first step required for growth.
Once the seed has sufficient moisture, enzymes are activated, breaking down stored nutrients into usable energy for the embryo’s growth. Other environmental factors, such as specific temperature regimes and light exposure, also act as signals to the seed’s internal chemistry. These external cues must align to overcome internal hormonal signals, allowing the embryo to begin the growth process.