Elk are currently present in Wisconsin, marking a significant conservation achievement that has successfully restored the majestic animal to the state’s forests. The re-establishment of these large mammals is the result of a deliberate, multi-phase reintroduction effort spanning decades, not a natural return. Today, two distinct, free-ranging herds thrive in Wisconsin’s central and northern forest regions. The total population now surpasses 500 animals, providing new opportunities for wildlife viewing and management.
The Extinction and Return of Wisconsin Elk
Elk were once widespread across Wisconsin, but the native population was completely eliminated by the late 1800s. Unregulated hunting and the rapid loss of habitat led to the extirpation of the species, with the last native elk believed to have been shot in 1866. An early attempt to bring elk back occurred in the early 1900s, with animals from Yellowstone National Park released into an enclosure in Vilas County, but this effort ultimately failed by the 1950s.
The modern reintroduction effort began in 1995 with the release of 25 elk from Michigan near Clam Lake in the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest. This initial release established the foundation for what is now known as the Northern Herd. The project was intensively monitored and managed, focusing on establishing a stable, self-sustaining population.
A second, larger phase of reintroduction began in 2015, intended to boost the existing population and establish a new herd in a separate region. This involved translocating wild elk from Kentucky to Wisconsin. These elk were released into the existing Clam Lake range and a new location near Black River Falls, which provided the foundation for the Central Herd. This approach was designed to increase genetic diversity and accelerate population growth. The first group of 23 Kentucky elk was released in Jackson County in August 2015, establishing the second management zone.
Current Herd Locations and Population Status
Wisconsin manages two separate elk populations, each residing in a distinct management zone: the Northern Elk Management Zone and the Central Elk Management Zone. The Northern Herd is concentrated around the Clam Lake area, primarily within the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest. As of recent estimates in 2023, this herd contained approximately 355 individuals.
The Central Herd is located in the Black River Falls area of Jackson County, utilizing habitat in the Black River State Forest. This herd, established with the Kentucky elk, has seen rapid growth, with its population estimated at approximately 160 animals in 2023. The combined population for the state has now surpassed 500 animals.
State management goals for the Northern Elk Range aim for a long-term population of 1,400 animals, reflecting the extensive suitable habitat available. Both herds are monitored closely to track reproduction and mortality rates. The Central Herd has demonstrated a high growth rate, averaging 17% annually in recent years, bolstered by high calf survival.
Herd growth is moderated by several factors, including vehicle collisions and predation. Vehicle collisions are a leading cause of adult mortality, particularly in the Central Herd due to its proximity to roadways. In the north, predation by wolves and black bears also contributes to natural mortality.
Viewing Elk in Wisconsin
For those hoping to see elk in the wild, the best opportunities are typically found in the Northern Elk Management Zone around Clam Lake. The Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest provides large tracts of public land where the animals roam. A common viewing spot is the intersection of State Highways 77 and GG in Clam Lake, which features an interactive kiosk with maps and guides to nearby viewing areas.
The most exciting time to view or hear the elk is during the rut, or mating season, which occurs in early fall, generally in September and October. During this period, mature bull elk can be heard “bugling,” a loud vocalization used to challenge rivals and attract cows. The best times of day for viewing are usually dawn and dusk, when the animals are most active and likely to be feeding.
Ethical viewing practices are important for the safety of both the animals and the public. Viewers should always maintain a significant distance from the elk and never attempt to feed them. Respecting private land and remaining on public roads or designated viewing areas helps minimize disturbance.
The continued success of the herds has also allowed for limited hunting opportunities. The state holds an annual managed hunt for bull elk in the Northern Elk Management Zone, which began in 2018. The Central Elk Management Zone was included in the limited hunting draw for the first time in 2024, reflecting the herd’s strong population health. Only a small number of permits are issued each year through a lottery system, ensuring the hunts are a management tool that does not impede population growth.