Flying squirrels are present in Georgia, although a person could live in the state for years and never realize it. These small mammals are more common than their elusive nature suggests, being widely distributed across the state’s diverse forest ecosystems. They are rarely observed because they are strictly nocturnal, conducting all their activities under the cover of darkness. This highly secretive, nighttime lifestyle means they go largely unnoticed by the human population.
The Two Species of Flying Squirrels in Georgia
Georgia is home to both of North America’s native flying squirrel species, which are differentiated by size and habitat preference. The Southern Flying Squirrel ($Glaucomys volans$) is the most common and widespread, found throughout the eastern half of the United States down to Florida. In contrast, the Northern Flying Squirrel ($Glaucomys sabrinus$) has a much more restricted range, being found only at the highest elevations in the state. The Southern species is smaller, typically measuring 8 to 10 inches in length, and is characterized by having belly fur that is completely white. The Northern species is slightly larger and can be distinguished by its belly fur, which is gray at the base.
The Mechanics of Gliding
The name “flying squirrel” is technically a misnomer, as these animals are gliders and not capable of true, powered flight. Their movement is powered by a specialized anatomical feature called the patagium, which is a furry membrane of skin. This membrane stretches from the wrist of the forelimb to the ankle of the hind limb, creating an expansive surface when the limbs are outstretched. When launching from a high perch, the squirrel spreads its four legs, deploying the patagium to catch the air and slow its descent.
The squirrel controls the trajectory of its glide through subtle adjustments to its limbs and the tension of the patagium. The flattened, bushy tail functions as a rudder and a stabilizer, helping the animal steer toward its target. By pulling its limbs in or arching its body, it can change the angle of attack and modulate its speed. Flying squirrels can execute controlled turns and have been recorded gliding distances exceeding 150 feet before landing, often on a vertical surface, where they quickly scurry to the opposite side of the trunk to evade predators.
Habitat and Distribution Across Georgia
The two species occupy distinct ecological niches, largely separated by elevation and forest type. The Southern Flying Squirrel is highly adaptable and lives in mixed pine and hardwood forests across nearly the entire state, from the coastal plain up into the lower mountain foothills. These squirrels thrive in areas with mature deciduous trees, such as oaks and hickories, and can even be found in wooded suburban neighborhoods where suitable den sites are available. Their wide distribution makes them the species most likely to be encountered by the average resident.
Conversely, the Northern Flying Squirrel is a habitat specialist restricted to the extreme northern mountains, specifically in the high-elevation sections of the Blue Ridge. This species requires the cooler, moist conditions of mature spruce-fir, hemlock, and northern hardwood forests found at higher altitudes. The isolated populations in the Southern Appalachians, which include Georgia’s mountains, are often recognized as a distinct subspecies, the Carolina Northern Flying Squirrel ($G. s. coloratus$). This subspecies is considered a species of conservation concern due to its dependence on these limited, high-mountain habitats.
Nocturnal Behavior and Observation
Flying squirrels are strictly nocturnal, which is the primary reason for their secretive reputation and why they are so seldom seen. Their large, dark eyes are an adaptation that allows them to gather maximum light for navigating the forest canopy at night. During the day, they sleep inside tree cavities, often choosing old woodpecker holes or natural snags for shelter. In the winter, they frequently nest communally, with several individuals huddling together inside a single cavity to conserve body heat, a behavior known as social thermoregulation.
Their diet is omnivorous, consisting of nuts, seeds, fruits, insects, and bird eggs, but the Northern species relies heavily on subterranean fungi, or truffles. For residents interested in observing these animals, the best opportunity is often near a bird feeder at night, particularly one stocked with sunflower seeds or corn, as they will readily visit these food sources. Shining a dim red light toward a feeder or a large tree cavity after sunset may reveal the reflection of their eyes, confirming the presence of these miniature gliders.