Montana is home to a robust population of moose, the largest member of the deer family. The subspecies found here is the Shiras moose (Alces alces shirasi), which is generally smaller and darker than its northern counterparts. This ungulate occupies forested habitats across the western portion of the state, seeking necessary forage and seclusion.
Confirmation and Primary Habitats
The distribution of Shiras moose is highly localized, concentrating in specific environments that provide food and cover. These animals are strongly associated with riparian zones—areas immediately bordering rivers, streams, and marshy wetlands. The lush willow thickets and aquatic vegetation found in these wet habitats make up a large portion of their diet.
Moose also inhabit high-elevation forests and mountain parklands, often seeking dense, mesic forests. Major populations are concentrated in the mountainous western third of the state. Key areas include the Cabinet and Bitterroot Mountains, the Flathead region near Glacier National Park, and the willow fen habitats in the Centennial and Big Hole valleys. The periphery of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, such as the Big Sky area, also supports a healthy population.
Current Population Status and Trends
The statewide population of moose in Montana is estimated to be stable, a positive trend following previous declines. A decade-long study by Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks (FWP) estimates the population ranges between 9,871 and 11,744 animals, averaging around 10,383.
The population faces several ecological challenges. The availability of nutritional forage is the most impactful factor on population growth. Winter tick infestations are also a concern, as warmer temperatures increase the parasite’s survival rate. Ticks can lead to hair loss and mortality, particularly in denser moose populations.
Predation, particularly by wolves, is a cause of mortality for adult cow moose in certain regions. Montana FWP manages the population through a highly regulated hunting system using a strict lottery for limited permits. The number of tags available has been significantly reduced to maintain population health and stability.
Safety and Viewing Guidelines
Encountering a moose requires maintaining a respectful distance. Wildlife officials recommend staying at least 25 yards away to avoid disturbing their natural behavior. If you cause the moose to change its activity, you are too close. Be far enough away to safely retreat behind a large tree or solid barrier if the animal charges.
The risk of an aggressive encounter increases during certain times of the year. Cows with young calves are protective in late spring and summer. Bull moose are also agitated and territorial during the fall mating season, known as the rut. The best times for viewing are during the crepuscular hours of dawn and dusk, when moose leave cover to feed and drink.
An agitated moose displays several warning signs visitors should recognize. These signs include a lowered head, flattened ears, raised hair on the neck and shoulders (hackles), and smacking or licking the lips. If a moose exhibits these behaviors, slowly back away without turning your back or running, which can trigger a chase response. If the animal charges, running to hide behind a large tree, vehicle, or boulder is the best defense. If knocked down, curl into a ball to protect your head and torso until the moose leaves.