The Hawaiian Islands are home to a pair of distinct owl species, making the answer to the question of whether owls live in Hawaii a definite yes. These raptors inhabit the archipelago, but they represent two very different origins and statuses within the island ecosystem. One is a celebrated native bird, while the other is an introduced species with a complicated ecological history. The presence of both highlights the unique biological blend of endemic wildlife and species brought by human intervention.
The Short Answer: Which Owls Live in Hawaii
Hawaii hosts two owl populations: the native Pueo and the introduced Barn Owl. The Pueo, or Hawaiian Short-eared Owl, is classified as an endemic subspecies, Asio flammeus sandwichensis. This unique variation of the Short-eared Owl established itself naturally, likely after the arrival of the first Polynesians. In contrast, the Common Barn Owl, Tyto alba, was deliberately brought to the islands by humans in the mid-20th century. Understanding the difference between these two owls is important for appreciating their respective roles in Hawaiian ecology and culture.
The Revered Native Species (Pueo)
The Pueo is a medium-sized owl distinguished by its piercing yellow eyes set in a pale facial disc and mottled brown plumage. Weighing between 7.3 and 16.8 ounces, it possesses tiny, often concealed ear-tufts. Unlike most other owl species, the Pueo is diurnal, meaning it is active and hunts primarily during the day, particularly in the mornings and late afternoons.
This native subspecies can be found across all the main Hawaiian Islands, inhabiting a wide range of elevations from sea level up to 8,000 feet. The Pueo favors open habitats, such as grasslands and shrublands, where it can be seen soaring or hovering while hunting. Its diet consists mainly of introduced small mammals like mice and rats, but it also preys on insects. Although the Pueo is recognized as a unique, endemic subspecies, its population on O’ahu is currently state-listed as endangered.
The Introduced Barn Owl
The Barn Owl (Tyto alba) contrasts sharply with the native Pueo. This owl is visually distinct, with a lighter, golden-buff coloration and a prominent, nearly white, heart-shaped facial disc. Unlike the diurnal Pueo, the Barn Owl is primarily nocturnal, hunting from dusk into the night.
The species was intentionally introduced to Hawaii starting in 1958 by the state Department of Agriculture to control rat populations damaging sugar cane crops. A total of 86 owls were imported from California and released across multiple islands over five years. While the Barn Owl efficiently preys on rodents and insects, its presence has created ecological challenges for native wildlife. It has become a significant predator of native Hawaiian seabirds, including the endangered Hawaiian Petrel and the threatened Newell’s Shearwater, which are naïve to nocturnal raptors.
Cultural Significance and Conservation Status
The Pueo holds a significant place in Hawaiian culture. It is revered as an ’aumakua, a deified ancestral guardian spirit that protects a family’s descendants. In this spiritual role, the Pueo is considered a messenger, a bringer of good luck, and a protector, particularly in times of danger or battle. Hawaiian folklore reinforces its status as a sacred entity whose killing is traditionally associated with extreme misfortune.
Despite its cultural protection, the native Pueo faces conservation challenges, most notably on O’ahu, where it is endangered. As a ground-nesting bird, its eggs and young are vulnerable to predation by introduced mammals like the small Indian mongoose, feral cats, and dogs. The Pueo is also susceptible to vehicular collisions while hunting over open areas near roads.
The introduced Barn Owl, while stable in population, requires control measures in specific areas. Its predation threatens the survival of federally listed native bird species in seabird nesting colonies.