A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection affecting the urinary system (urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys). Most UTIs occur when bacteria, typically Escherichia coli (E. coli) from the digestive tract, enter the urethra and travel upward. A specific concern is whether a man can acquire this infection from a female partner during sexual activity due to the transfer of these bacteria.
The Likelihood of Male Infection
A man can acquire the bacteria that cause a UTI from a female partner during sexual intercourse, though the overall incidence of UTIs in men is significantly lower than in women. Sexual activity is a recognized risk factor for UTIs in men, particularly those under the age of 50 who do not have other underlying urinary tract issues. While a UTI is not a sexually transmitted infection (STI), the physical act of sex can facilitate the transfer of bacteria that then colonize the male urinary tract.
For men, a UTI is often classified as “complicated,” meaning it is typically associated with an underlying structural or functional abnormality, such as an enlarged prostate or kidney stone. However, in younger, healthy men, a UTI is more likely to be considered “uncomplicated” or sexually acquired, resulting from the introduction of external bacteria into the urethra.
Anatomical Factors Contributing to Male Resistance
The human body possesses several natural barriers that make UTIs less common in men compared to women. The most significant defense is the length of the male urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. At around 8 inches long, the male urethra presents a much longer physical distance for bacteria to ascend to the bladder than the shorter female urethra.
The prostate gland, which surrounds the male urethra, produces fluid that contains natural antibacterial properties. This prostatic fluid helps to inhibit the growth of bacteria that manage to enter the urethra.
Specific Transmission Pathways During Intercourse
Sexual intercourse facilitates the transfer of bacteria from the genital and perianal region of one partner to the urethra of the other. The most common culprit is E. coli, which naturally resides in the gastrointestinal tract and is often present around the anus. During penetrative sex, the friction and thrusting motion can physically push these bacteria toward the opening of the male urethra.
If the female partner has a high concentration of uropathogenic bacteria in her genital area, the risk of transferring that bacteria increases. The bacteria are not passed directly as a contagious disease, but the physical contact and movement during sex serve as a mechanical process to introduce the microbes. Oral and anal sexual activities can also introduce fecal bacteria into the urethral opening.
A lack of post-intercourse hygiene compounds the likelihood of infection by allowing introduced bacteria to remain in the area. High frequency of sexual activity and prolonged friction can also irritate the tissues around the urethra, potentially making them more susceptible to bacterial colonization.
Symptoms and Prevention for Men
When a UTI develops in men, the symptoms are similar to those experienced by women, but they should be taken seriously due to the higher likelihood of the infection being complicated. Common symptoms include dysuria (pain during urination), increased urgency and frequency, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or blood in the urine. Men may also feel pressure or discomfort in the lower abdomen.
The most effective preventative measure related to sexual transmission is the practice of good hygiene immediately before and after intercourse. Urinating shortly after sexual activity is highly recommended, as this action helps to flush out any bacteria introduced into the urethra during sex. Washing the genital area before and after sex also minimizes the number of bacteria present near the urethral opening.
If symptoms such as painful urination or fever develop, a medical professional should be consulted promptly. Male UTIs often require a longer course of antibiotics than those in women to ensure the infection is fully cleared.