Vaginal candidiasis, commonly known as a yeast infection, results from an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans. This fungus naturally lives in small amounts on the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract. When the natural balance of microorganisms is disrupted, the yeast multiplies excessively, leading to uncomfortable symptoms. Though common, there is often confusion regarding whether it can be passed between sexual partners.
The Mechanism of Transmission
Yes, transmission of a yeast infection is possible through sexual contact. Although not classified as a traditional sexually transmitted infection (STI), Candida albicans can be transferred from person to person. The transfer occurs when high amounts of the fungus are introduced into the vagina during intercourse, overwhelming the vaginal flora and resulting in an opportunistic infection.
The male partner often functions as an asymptomatic carrier, harboring the fungus without showing outward signs of infection. Estimates suggest that 20 to 25 percent of men may have Candida colonization on their genitals. Even without symptoms, the fungus is present and can be passed to a partner, especially during vaginal intercourse, as the organism thrives in warm, moist environments.
The infection is considered an overgrowth issue rather than a new foreign pathogen. However, sexual activity can introduce enough Candida to trigger the symptomatic infection known as vulvovaginal candidiasis in a susceptible partner.
Recognizing Male Symptoms
Although many men remain asymptomatic carriers, they can develop a genital yeast infection, often diagnosed as candidal balanitis. Balanitis is an inflammation of the head of the penis caused by fungal overgrowth. Symptoms may include burning, irritation, and itching around the head of the penis and beneath the foreskin.
A man with a symptomatic infection may notice visual signs on the skin of the penis. These include patches of redness, a scaly rash, or shiny white areas on the glans. Another sign is a thick, white discharge resembling cottage cheese, which may collect under the foreskin.
For uncircumcised men, the infection can also cause difficulty pulling back the foreskin due to swelling. Recognizing these signs is important because an untreated infection can lead to repeated reinfection for a female partner, often called the “ping-pong” effect.
Concurrent Treatment and Prevention Strategies
To break the cycle of reinfection, especially with recurrent yeast infections, couples should consider concurrent treatment. This involves both partners receiving antifungal treatment simultaneously, even if the male partner is asymptomatic. For men, treatment typically involves topical antifungal creams, such as clotrimazole or miconazole, applied for several days.
The female partner is usually treated with oral medication like fluconazole or antifungal creams and suppositories. Abstaining from sexual activity during treatment is necessary to prevent immediate transfer of the fungus. If sex occurs, the consistent use of a barrier method, such as a condom, is recommended to minimize spreading the infection.
Certain topical antifungal medications can be oil-based and may degrade latex condoms, so couples should check product labels carefully. Good personal hygiene also helps prevent recurrence. This includes washing the genital area with mild soap and water and ensuring the skin is dried thoroughly, as Candida thrives in moist conditions.