Vulvovaginal candidiasis, commonly known as a yeast infection, occurs when there is an overgrowth of Candida fungus, typically Candida albicans, in the vaginal area. This fungus is a natural inhabitant of the body, but changes in the vaginal environment can cause it to multiply unchecked. Yeast infections are highly common, affecting approximately 75% of individuals with vulvas at least once in their lifetime. People often suspect a yeast infection when experiencing irritation or new growths, wondering if it can cause bumps on the vulva. The condition primarily causes inflammation, but secondary effects can lead to raised lesions.
Typical Presentation of a Yeast Infection
The hallmark signs of an uncomplicated yeast infection are rooted in inflammation and irritation of the vulva and vagina. The most frequently reported symptom is intense itching (pruritus), which can be severe and extend across the entire vulvar area. This is usually accompanied by a noticeable burning sensation, particularly during urination or sexual intercourse.
Physical examination typically reveals significant redness and swelling of the vulval tissues. A defining feature is the vaginal discharge, which is classically described as thick, white, and odorless, with a consistency resembling cottage cheese. Distinct, firm, or pus-filled bumps are not considered a primary manifestation of an uncomplicated fungal overgrowth.
The Link Between Yeast Infections and Vulvar Bumps
While a yeast infection does not typically cause distinct, firm bumps, severe infections can lead to conditions that are easily misinterpreted. Intense inflammation causes the vulvar tissue to swell, and this general edema can feel like a lump or a collection of bumps. This swelling is a direct result of the body’s inflammatory response to the Candida overgrowth.
In more severe cases, the fungal infection can manifest as small, raised lesions known as satellite lesions or pustules. These red bumps or pus-filled spots appear near the main area of irritation, signaling the spread of the fungus into the adjacent skin. Furthermore, extreme itching often leads to scratching, which damages the delicate vulvar skin, creating fissures. These breaks can become secondarily infected with bacteria, resulting in raised, painful pustules that are actually a form of folliculitis, not a direct symptom of the yeast itself.
Other Common Causes of Vulvar Bumps
Since distinct bumps are uncommon for yeast infections, any new vulvar growth warrants consideration of other potential causes.
- Folliculitis: This is an inflammation or infection of the hair follicles, often related to shaving or ingrown hairs. It presents as small, red, or white-tipped pustules, usually found in the hair-bearing regions of the labia majora.
- Contact Dermatitis: This is an allergic or irritant reaction to topical products such as soap, detergent residue, or hygiene sprays. It causes the skin to become red, inflamed, and sometimes develop small blisters or chapped patches. The location often corresponds directly to the area of contact.
- Bartholin’s Cysts: These appear as a soft, sometimes painless lump near the opening of the vagina, usually on one side. They form when the duct of a Bartholin’s gland, which provides lubrication, becomes blocked.
- Genital Warts (HPV): Less commonly, bumps may be caused by viral infections, such as genital warts (Human Papillomavirus). These appear as skin-colored or whitish growths that often cluster together in a rough, cauliflower-like texture.
Signs That Require Immediate Medical Attention
Any new or persistent bump on the vulva should be evaluated by a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis, as self-diagnosis can delay appropriate treatment. Immediate medical attention is necessary if the bump is accompanied by systemic symptoms, such as fever, chills, or severe lower abdominal or pelvic pain. These signs can indicate a widespread bacterial infection or Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).
Bumps that present as open sores, painful ulcers, or fluid-filled blisters that crust over should be checked immediately to rule out infections like Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). Professional consultation is also required if a vulvar bump does not resolve within a few days of over-the-counter treatment, rapidly grows in size, or bleeds easily. Recurrent yeast-like symptoms occurring four or more times in a year also indicate a need for medical assessment to investigate underlying causes or less common strains of Candida.