Ear wax, medically known as cerumen, is a naturally produced substance created by glands in the ear canal. It acts as a defense system, trapping dust and foreign particles, offering antimicrobial properties, and lubricating the skin. While a build-up can cause hearing difficulty, this hearing loss is typically temporary and fully reversible once the blockage is removed.
The Function of Ear Wax and Conductive Hearing Loss
The ear is a self-cleaning organ; jaw movement during chewing and talking helps migrate old cerumen and debris out of the ear canal. If this process is disrupted or if excessive wax is produced, the material can accumulate and harden, leading to cerumen impaction. This impaction physically blocks the passageway, preventing sound waves from reaching the eardrum efficiently. This reduction in hearing sensitivity is known as conductive hearing loss, which involves interference with the mechanical transfer of sound energy in the outer or middle ear. Because the sound waves are muffled by this physical barrier, hearing may be perceived as quieter or distorted, but once the obstruction is cleared, hearing is restored.
Why Loss is Not Permanent
Hearing loss from cerumen impaction is conductive, differing distinctly from sensorineural hearing loss. Conductive loss involves issues in the sound-conducting parts of the outer or middle ear, but ear wax leaves the delicate inner ear structures undamaged. Sensorineural hearing loss is typically permanent, involving damage to the inner ear, such as the cochlea or auditory nerve. Damage to the cochlea’s hair cells, often caused by aging or loud noise, is irreversible. Since ear wax only creates a temporary physical barrier, removing the wax allows sound to travel to the functional inner ear, confirming the impairment is fully treatable and reversible.
Recognizing Symptoms of Serious Build-up
When ear wax builds up to the point of causing problems, it is important to recognize the signs that professional attention may be needed. Symptoms often include a progressive decrease in hearing and a feeling of fullness or pressure inside the ear. In some cases, a person might experience dizziness or vertigo, though this warrants prompt medical evaluation.
- A feeling of fullness or pressure inside the ear, similar to the sensation experienced during an airplane descent.
- A sudden or partial decrease in hearing that progressively worsens.
- Ringing, buzzing, or roaring noise in the ear (tinnitus).
- Earache or discomfort, particularly if the hardened wax presses against the sensitive skin of the ear canal.
Safe Removal Options
For problematic ear wax build-up, safe removal methods start with at-home care. Over-the-counter softening drops containing mineral oil, glycerin, or hydrogen peroxide can be used to break down hardened wax. If home methods are insufficient, professionals offer options like microsuction, manual extraction using a curet, or irrigation with warm water. Avoid inserting objects like cotton swabs, hairpins, or ear candles, as this risks pushing the wax deeper or damaging the eardrum; clean only the outer ear with a soft washcloth.