Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common, contagious illness characterized by a distinctive rash and painful mouth sores, usually resolving within seven to ten days. While contracting the illness once grants immunity to that specific infection, the direct answer to whether a child can get it again is “Yes.” This recurrence is possible because HFMD is caused by a group of viruses, not a single organism, meaning a child can be infected multiple times by different types.
Understanding Viral Strains and Recurrence
HFMD is caused by non-polio enteroviruses, which belong to the Picornaviridae family. The most common strains are Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71, though others like Coxsackievirus A6 and A10 have been identified as causative agents in recent outbreaks.
When the immune system fights off a specific viral strain, it develops protective antibodies against only that particular strain. This highly specific immunity does not protect against the other enteroviruses that cause HFMD. If a child encounters a different strain, they can develop the illness again.
Recognizing the Signs of Hand Foot Mouth Disease
The illness often begins with general symptoms that can resemble a common cold or the flu. Early signs typically include a low-grade fever, a sore throat, and a general feeling of being unwell. The child may also experience a reduced appetite or become irritable due to initial discomfort.
Within one or two days of the fever starting, characteristic mouth sores begin to appear. These painful spots, often called herpangina, develop on the tongue, gums, and cheeks. The lesions start as small red spots that quickly blister and turn into ulcers, which can make swallowing difficult. Shortly after the mouth sores, a distinct rash appears, most commonly on the palms and soles. This rash may also show up on the buttocks and legs, presenting as flat red spots or small, fluid-filled blisters that are generally not itchy.
Home Management and Symptom Relief
Since HFMD is a viral infection, treatment focuses on supportive care until the illness runs its course. Preventing dehydration is a primary concern, as painful mouth sores often discourage children from drinking fluids. Offering frequent, small sips of cool liquids, such as water, milk, or electrolyte solutions, is essential for maintaining hydration. Avoid acidic beverages like orange juice or soda, as they can irritate sensitive mouth sores and increase pain.
To relieve pain and reduce fever, over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can be given based on the child’s weight and age. Dietary adjustments are also helpful, focusing on soft, bland, and cold foods like yogurt, applesauce, or popsicles, which are easier to swallow. For older children, gargling with warm salt water may help soothe the sore throat and mouth pain. Blisters should be left to dry naturally and not be punctured or squeezed, as the fluid inside is contagious.
Strategies for Limiting Transmission
HFMD is highly contagious and spreads easily through contact with respiratory droplets, blister fluid, or stool. The virus can be transmitted before symptoms appear and may continue to be shed in the stool for several weeks after recovery. Frequent and thorough handwashing is the most effective way to limit the spread. Hands should be washed with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the toilet, changing diapers, or before preparing food.
Disinfecting frequently touched surfaces is crucial for preventing transmission within the home. High-touch items like toys, doorknobs, countertops, and light switches should be cleaned regularly. Children should be kept home from daycare or school while they have a fever and until their mouth sores have healed. Avoid sharing personal items, such as cups, eating utensils, and towels, while the child is ill.