The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the jawbone to the skull, functioning as a sliding hinge that enables movements necessary for speaking, chewing, and yawning. Dysfunction in this joint or the surrounding muscles is referred to as a TMJ disorder, often presenting as pain and limited mobility. While jaw discomfort is the most common sign, a less obvious symptom that can arise is involuntary eye movement, commonly described as twitching or spasms.
The Connection Between TMJ and Facial Spasms
The physical proximity of the jaw joint to the network of facial nerves explains how a TMJ disorder can lead to eye twitching. The face is controlled by two major cranial nerves: the Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V), which handles sensory information and controls chewing muscles, and the Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII). Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve pass near the TMJ.
When TMJ dysfunction causes inflammation, muscle tension, or misalignment, it can irritate the Trigeminal Nerve branches. This irritation affects the nearby Facial Nerve, which controls the orbicularis oculi muscle around the eye, meaning irritation in the jaw area can manifest as an issue in the eye area.
This irritation can result in referred muscle tension or involuntary contractions known as myokymia, typically a fine, flickering twitch of the eyelid. In more severe cases, chronic irritation may contribute to benign essential blepharospasm, involving more forceful and persistent closing of the eyelids.
Recognizing the Signs of TMJ Disorder
Eye twitching is a secondary symptom of a TMJ disorder, usually appearing alongside more localized signs of joint dysfunction. Primary indicators involve pain and tenderness localized to the jaw joint or surrounding muscles, often noticeable during speaking, chewing, or yawning.
Individuals with a TMJ disorder often report hearing distinct mechanical sounds from the joint when moving their mouth. These sounds include clicking, popping, or a grating sensation. Another common sign is restricted range of motion, where the jaw feels stiff or may temporarily lock.
The disorder frequently causes pain that extends beyond the jaw, manifesting as chronic headaches or migraines near the temples or behind the eyes. Ear-related symptoms are also common because the joint is close to the ear canal. These symptoms include:
- Earaches without an underlying infection.
- A feeling of fullness in the ear.
- Ringing in the ears (tinnitus).
- Dizziness.
Targeted Treatments for TMJ-Related Eye Twitching
Addressing the underlying TMJ disorder is the most effective way to resolve secondary symptoms like eye twitching. Conservative treatments focus on easing pain, reducing inflammation, and improving jaw function. Simple lifestyle modifications include eating softer foods to reduce joint strain and avoiding habits such as gum chewing or nail biting.
The use of an oral appliance, such as a custom-fitted occlusal splint or night guard, is a common treatment. These devices prevent teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism), which contributes significantly to joint stress and muscle overuse. Physical therapy, including gentle stretching and strengthening exercises, can also improve jaw mobility and relieve muscle rigidity.
Other therapeutic options include applying heat or cold to the joint area; ice reduces inflammation while moist heat relaxes tense muscles. Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen can temporarily manage pain and swelling. For persistent muscle spasms, a healthcare provider may suggest muscle relaxants or targeted trigger point injections to release tension.