It is possible to be allergic to mangoes, and reactions can range from minor discomfort to severe, life-threatening symptoms. Mango allergy is not as common as other food allergies, but it represents a complex immune response that can manifest in different ways. Reactions can be categorized into two main types: a delayed skin irritation caused by contact, and an immediate, systemic reaction that occurs after the fruit is consumed. Understanding the specific components that trigger these reactions is important for minimizing exposure and managing symptoms.
The Specific Allergen Responsible
The primary cause of allergic reactions to mangoes is a family of chemical compounds known as urushiol-like substances. The mango tree, Mangifera indica, belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, which also includes plants like poison ivy, poison oak, cashew, and pistachio. These plants share similar allergenic chemicals, most notably urushiol.
The specific compounds in mango responsible for contact reactions are resorcinol derivatives, sometimes referred to as “mangol”. These compounds are highly concentrated in the peel, sap, leaves, and the area near the stem of the fruit. Although the mango flesh itself contains lower amounts of these chemicals, contact with the peel or sap is the usual trigger for a reaction.
The Most Common Reaction: Contact Dermatitis
The most frequent type of reaction to mango is allergic contact dermatitis, often referred to as a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. This response is not mediated by antibodies but by T-cells, which recognize the allergen hours or days after exposure. The reaction typically occurs after direct contact with the mango peel or the sticky sap.
Symptoms commonly include an itchy, red rash, and sometimes the formation of small blisters or plaques on the skin. The rash often appears around the mouth, where the peel touched the lips, or on the hands of the person who peeled the fruit. The allergen can easily be transferred to other body parts, leading to rashes on the face, neck, or even thighs. Since the reaction is delayed, symptoms may not appear until 8 to 72 hours after contact, making the cause difficult to immediately identify.
Systemic Allergic Reactions from Ingestion
A less common but more serious form of mango allergy is an immediate, systemic reaction that occurs after ingesting the fruit’s flesh. This reaction is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, where the immune system produces Immunoglobulin E antibodies against proteins within the mango pulp. Symptoms typically appear rapidly, often within minutes to an hour of eating the fruit.
Systemic reactions can involve skin symptoms like hives, generalized itching, and swelling of the face, lips, or throat. Digestive issues such as vomiting, diarrhea, or severe abdominal pain can also occur. In the most severe cases, an individual may experience anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition marked by difficulty breathing, wheezing, rapid heartbeat, and dizziness. Immediate medical attention and the use of an epinephrine auto-injector are necessary for managing anaphylaxis.
Related Allergies and Treatment
A history of sensitivity to plants in the Anacardiaceae family significantly increases the risk of reacting to mangoes. People who have previously experienced dermatitis from poison ivy or poison oak are especially prone to mango contact dermatitis because of the shared urushiol-like compounds. Cross-reactivity also exists with other edible members of the family, particularly cashew and pistachio nuts.
Managing a mango allergy primarily involves strict avoidance of the fruit, especially the peel and sap. For mild contact dermatitis, over-the-counter topical corticosteroids or antihistamines can help reduce itching and inflammation. Individuals with a history of systemic reactions should carry an epinephrine auto-injector and have an emergency action plan.