Unraveling the Ground Nest Mystery
Many people associate ground nests with “hornets,” but yellowjackets, not true hornets, most often build these subterranean dwellings. Yellowjackets construct paper nests underground, often utilizing abandoned rodent burrows or other existing cavities. Their nests can expand significantly throughout the summer, sometimes housing thousands of individuals.
While yellowjackets are the primary ground-nesters among social wasps, some true hornets occasionally use ground cavities. The European hornet (Vespa crabro), the only true hornet species in the United States, has been known to use existing hollows in trees near the ground or old rodent burrows as nesting sites. However, this behavior is less common than their preferred elevated nesting locations.
The term “hornet” is often applied loosely, causing confusion between true hornets and other wasps like yellowjackets and bald-faced hornets. Bald-faced hornets, despite their name, are a type of yellowjacket known for building large, aerial nests in trees and shrubs.
Distinguishing Hornets from Other Wasps
Differentiating between true hornets, yellowjackets, and other wasps relies on specific physical characteristics. European hornets are notably larger than yellowjackets, measuring 1 to 1.5 inches. Their coloration is distinct: a reddish-brown body with dull orange or yellow stripes and a pale face.
In contrast, yellowjackets are generally smaller, about half an inch long, with bright yellow and black banding. Many species have anchor-shaped or spade-shaped black markings on their first body segment. Their bodies are more compact with a defined waist, while hornets appear more robust with longer heads.
Behavioral differences also aid identification near a nest. Yellowjackets are known for their aggressive scavenging behavior, particularly around food and drinks, and will vigorously defend their nests. True hornets, while still defensive of their nests, are generally less aggressive than yellowjackets when away from their colony.
Common Hornet Nesting Locations
True hornets, such as the European hornet, favor sheltered, often elevated locations for their nests. These sites commonly include hollow trees, wall voids, attics, and sheds. They prefer dark, enclosed spaces that offer protection from elements and predators.
Nests are constructed from chewed wood fibers mixed with saliva, forming a papery pulp. European hornets often conceal their irregular nests within these cavities, with only a small portion sometimes visible. The entrance to their nests is generally located six feet or more above the ground.
While ground cavities are occasionally used, elevated or protected cavity nests are characteristic of true hornets. This preference for aerial or enclosed spaces distinguishes them from the ground-nesting habits of yellowjackets.
Handling a Ground Nest Encounter
Encountering any ground-nesting wasp requires a cautious approach. Maintain a significant distance from the nest and avoid actions that might disturb it. Sudden movements or attempts to swat at individual insects can provoke a defensive response from the colony.
Never attempt to handle or remove a ground nest yourself. Ground-nesting wasps, particularly yellowjackets, are known for their aggressive defense and can sting multiple times. If you have allergies, carry an epinephrine auto-injector and seek immediate medical attention if stung.
For safe removal, contact a professional pest control service. Experts possess the necessary equipment and knowledge to manage such situations, minimizing risk to individuals and pets. They can accurately identify the species and implement appropriate control measures.