Ants are among the most common insects encountered daily, and homeowners frequently worry about whether they pose a threat. The vast majority of ants found marching across a sidewalk or countertop are more of a nuisance than a danger. Most ants bite, using their mandibles for defensive or offensive purposes. However, the real source of pain or irritation often comes from a secondary chemical weapon. This weapon is typically either venom injected via a stinger or an irritating substance like formic acid sprayed onto the resulting wound.
The Difference Between Biting and Stinging
Ants employ two distinct mechanisms for defense: biting and stinging. Biting is a mechanical action performed using the ant’s mandibles, which are powerful jaws used to grip, cut, or hold an object. In many common species, the bite itself is not strong enough to break human skin, or it causes only a mild, momentary pinch. Stinging, conversely, is a more sophisticated defense mechanism that involves injecting a chemical agent.
Ants that sting possess a modified egg-laying organ, or ovipositor, located at the tip of the abdomen, which functions as a sharp, hollow needle. This stinger delivers venom, a complex mix of proteins and alkaloids, directly into the tissue.
Some ants, belonging to the subfamily Formicinae, have lost the ability to sting but use a third method involving formic acid. These ants first bite with their mandibles to create a small wound in the skin. They then curl their abdomen forward and spray or dab formic acid, a corrosive chemical, directly into the opening, causing a sharp, burning sensation.
Common Ant Species and Their Threat Level
The threat level an ant poses depends on its species and primary defensive action. Pavement ants are small and frequently seen nesting in concrete cracks. They primarily defend themselves by biting, but their mandibles are small, and the bite is usually negligible. It often fails to penetrate the skin and rarely causes more than minor irritation.
Odorous house ants are recognizable by the rotten coconut smell they emit when crushed and are considered low-threat. They are not aggressive and rarely bite defensively, preferring to rely on their foul odor to deter threats. These ants are mainly interested in foraging for food and water inside a home.
Carpenter ants are among the largest household ants and present a slightly higher irritation risk. They have powerful mandibles capable of delivering a painful bite that can break the skin. Carpenter ants often spray formic acid into the wound created by their bite, intensifying the discomfort and creating a burning sensation.
Treating Common Ant Bites and Stings
Treatment for common, non-venomous ant encounters should focus on decontamination and symptom relief. The first step after a bite or sting is to immediately remove any remaining ants and thoroughly wash the affected area with soap and water. This cleaning helps prevent secondary infections that can occur from scratching or contaminants on the skin.
To reduce swelling and alleviate the localized pain or burning sensation, a cold compress or ice pack can be applied to the site. Over-the-counter topical treatments can also provide relief from itching and inflammation. Applying hydrocortisone cream or a calamine-based lotion can help soothe the skin and reduce discomfort. Oral antihistamines are also an option to manage generalized itching or minor swelling.