The paper wasp is a common sight across North America and Europe, identified by the umbrella-shaped nests they construct from a paper-like material. These social insects do sting to defend themselves and their colony. While generally considered less aggressive than yellow jackets, paper wasps become defensive if their nest is disturbed or they feel physically threatened.
The Stinging Mechanism and Purpose
Only female paper wasps, including workers and the queen, have the ability to sting. The stinger is a modified ovipositor, a structure female insects typically use for laying eggs. Unlike the honey bee, which has a barbed stinger that tears away from its body, the paper wasp possesses a comparatively smooth stinger. This allows the wasp to easily retract its stinger after injecting venom and sting repeatedly. The stinging mechanism is primarily defensive, triggered by movements or physical contact perceived as a threat to the nest or the wasp’s life.
Pain Levels and Immediate Health Reactions
The sensation of a paper wasp sting is immediate, sharp, and followed by a burning pain localized at the injection site. Entomologist Justin Schmidt, creator of the Schmidt Sting Pain Index, rated the paper wasp sting at a 3 out of 4 for some species, describing the pain as “caustic and burning.” Localized symptoms often accompany this intense experience, including redness, swelling, and warmth that can last for hours or days.
For most individuals, the reaction remains localized, but approximately three percent of adults experience a systemic allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis, a severe body-wide reaction, requires immediate medical attention as it can be life-threatening. Warning signs include difficulty breathing, wheezing, widespread hives or rash, swelling of the throat or tongue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, or a rapid or weak pulse.
First Aid and Preventing Encounters
If a paper wasp sting occurs, wash the affected area gently with soap and water. Applying a cold compress or an ice pack wrapped in a cloth can minimize swelling and reduce pain. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can manage discomfort, and an oral antihistamine may help reduce localized swelling and itching.
Preventing encounters is the best strategy, starting with identifying preferred nesting sites. Paper wasps frequently build their umbrella-shaped nests in sheltered locations, such as under roof eaves, porch ceilings, window frames, and sheds. If a wasp approaches, avoid swatting or making sudden movements, as this provokes a defensive response. If a nest is located in a high-traffic area, contact a pest control professional for removal, especially if a household member has a known allergy to stings.