Rat snakes are large, non-venomous constrictors found across North America, often recognized for controlling rodent populations. While they can bite humans, such events are uncommon and are exclusively a defensive reaction. A bite is a last-resort action taken when the snake feels threatened, cornered, or handled improperly, not an act of aggression.
Understanding Defensive Behavior
Rat snakes are docile and prefer avoidance, typically attempting to flee or freeze when confronted by a human. If escape is not possible, the snake shifts to a defensive display meant to deter the perceived threat. This behavior signals the snake wants to be left alone.
One of the most noticeable warning signs is the snake coiling its body into an S-shape and raising its head in a striking posture. This pose is often accompanied by a loud, noticeable hiss as the snake expels air to appear more formidable. A rat snake will also vibrate its tail rapidly, and if this happens in leaf litter, the sound can mimic the rattle of a venomous snake (Batesian mimicry). These defensive actions are intended to warn a potential predator before the snake resorts to biting.
Physical Effects of a Bite
Rat snakes are non-venomous, meaning their bites do not inject toxins or cause systemic illness. The physical injury involves small, sharp teeth designed for gripping prey. A bite typically results in superficial puncture wounds or scratches, often described as feeling like a sharp pinch.
These wounds may bleed slightly but rarely result in deep tissue damage. The absence of venom means there is no risk of paralysis, massive swelling, or life-threatening systemic reactions. Since the main risk is from common bacteria in the snake’s mouth, the primary focus of first aid is preventing infection. Immediately move away from the snake, remain calm, and thoroughly wash the bite area with soap and water for several minutes.
After cleaning, an antiseptic or antibiotic ointment should be applied, and the wound covered with a clean, dry bandage. Monitoring the site for signs of infection, such as increasing redness, warmth, pain, or pus, is necessary over the next few days. Medical attention is generally unnecessary unless signs of infection develop or the individual has an underlying health condition. Unlike venomous bites, a rat snake bite does not require a tourniquet, suction, or cutting of the wound.
Prevention and Safe Encounter Guidelines
The most effective way to prevent a rat snake bite is to respect the animal’s space and defensive nature. Because they are often seeking rodents or shelter, homeowners can reduce encounters by eliminating attractants. Keeping the grass cut short and removing potential hiding spots like woodpiles and debris reduces available cover.
Securing structures like sheds, crawl spaces, and foundations prevents snakes from entering for shelter. If a rat snake is encountered, maintain a distance of several feet and allow the snake to move on its own. Never attempt to handle, harass, or corner a rat snake, as these actions are the most common cause of a defensive strike. If a snake needs to be removed from an interior space, contact a professional wildlife relocation service.