Barometric pressure, or atmospheric pressure, is the weight of the air column pressing down on Earth. Changes in this weight can create a pressure imbalance within the body’s enclosed spaces. The ears are highly sensitive to these fluctuations because they contain a delicate, air-filled chamber. Discomfort is frequently felt during rapid changes in altitude, such as flying or scuba diving.
The Ear’s Internal Balancing System
The middle ear is an air-filled cavity located just behind the eardrum. To ensure the eardrum vibrates correctly, the middle ear must maintain air pressure that matches the external atmospheric pressure. This pressure equalization is the primary function of the Eustachian tube, a narrow channel connecting the middle ear to the back of the throat. Normally, this tube is collapsed, but it opens intermittently to regulate the pressure by allowing small amounts of air to pass.
When barometric pressure changes too quickly, air inside the middle ear cannot enter or escape fast enough to match the new external pressure. For example, during an airplane descent, higher external pressure pushes the eardrum inward, causing pain or a sensation of fullness. The Eustachian tube cannot open passively against this strong pressure differential. Failure of the tube to open causes the eardrum to become taut, disrupting its ability to transmit sound waves and resulting in muffled hearing.
Immediate Relief Methods
Relieving uncomfortable pressure requires actively forcing the Eustachian tube to open using attached muscles. Swallowing and yawning are effective methods because the muscle contractions naturally pull the tube open, allowing air to equalize the pressure. Chewing gum or sucking on hard candy promotes frequent swallowing, which helps keep the tube functional during altitude changes.
A more direct technique is the Valsalva maneuver, which involves pinching the nose shut and gently trying to exhale through the closed nostrils. This action forces air into the Eustachian tubes, equalizing the middle ear pressure with a noticeable “pop.” Perform this maneuver gently to avoid damaging delicate ear structures with excessive force. For infants and young children, giving them a bottle or pacifier during descent encourages swallowing and helps them equalize pressure.
Recognizing Severe Barotrauma
Severe or prolonged pressure imbalance can result in barotrauma, which is tissue damage caused by these pressure differences. While most ear discomfort is temporary, certain symptoms require immediate medical attention. A sign of potential injury is persistent, severe pain that does not subside shortly after the pressure change event.
Additional indicators of a serious problem include any discharge or bleeding from the ear canal, which may signify a tear in the eardrum. A person should also seek professional care if they experience lasting symptoms such as prolonged dizziness, known as vertigo, or a sudden and persistent reduction in hearing.