The tropical tree Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom, is native to Southeast Asia, where its leaves have been traditionally used for generations. People typically chew the leaves or brew them into a tea for their complex effects, which include both pain relief and energizing properties. The increasing popularity of kratom in modern contexts has prompted questions about its safety profile, particularly its relationship with the cardiovascular system. This article examines the current understanding of whether kratom consumption can lead to an increase in blood pressure.
Kratom’s Impact on Blood Pressure
Evidence gathered from poison control center reports and clinical case studies suggests a clear association between kratom use and elevated blood pressure. Hypertension (high blood pressure) and tachycardia (increased heart rate) are among the most frequently reported adverse cardiovascular effects. In one analysis of cases reported to poison centers, hypertension was noted in over 10% of kratom exposures.
The physiological response to kratom is notably dose-dependent. At low to moderate amounts, the substance tends to act as a stimulant, similar to other compounds that increase alertness and physical energy. This stimulant profile often triggers a temporary rise in both heart rate and blood pressure.
While higher doses are generally associated with more sedative, opioid-like effects, the potential for cardiovascular stress remains. Reports indicate that even with chronic, heavy use, individuals may experience persistent cardiovascular issues. These long-term consequences can include serious conditions, such as hypertensive cardiovascular disease.
Alkaloid Activity and Physiological Response
The effects of kratom on the circulatory system are driven by its potent active compounds, primarily the alkaloids Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. These molecules interact with various receptors, leading to a cascade of physiological changes. The initial stimulant qualities of kratom are tied to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), often called the body’s “fight or flight” response.
Activation of the SNS releases adrenaline and noradrenaline, hormones that prepare the body for action. This preparation includes vasoconstriction, a process where the blood vessels narrow. Simultaneously, these hormones increase the force and speed of the heart’s contractions, leading to tachycardia.
The combination of a faster-beating heart and narrowed blood vessels directly results in an increase in arterial blood pressure. This mechanism explains why many users report an acute spike in pressure and heart rate, particularly when consuming lower doses that emphasize the plant’s stimulating properties.
Contextual Factors Affecting Risk
The risk of experiencing high blood pressure from kratom is significantly modulated by several contextual factors. The total amount consumed is a primary variable, as higher doses are associated with a greater likelihood of cardiovascular side effects. Chronic, long-term use also increases the potential for more severe and sustained cardiovascular stress, including changes like left ventricular hypertrophy.
A heightened risk exists when kratom is consumed alongside other substances, a practice known as polysubstance use. Combining kratom with other stimulants, opioids, or medications that also affect blood pressure can amplify the strain on the cardiovascular system, leading to more severe medical outcomes. Furthermore, the purity of the product is a concern, as adulterated kratom preparations sometimes contain undeclared compounds that can independently cause dangerous increases in blood pressure.
Individuals who already have pre-existing cardiovascular conditions, such as diagnosed hypertension or heart disease, are particularly vulnerable to the effects of kratom. For these people, even a modest increase in blood pressure or heart rate can significantly exacerbate their underlying health issues.