The Javelina, also known as the Collared Peccary, is a medium-sized mammal native to the Americas. It is frequently mistaken for a wild pig due to its stout body shape and pig-like snout. However, Javelinas belong to the peccary family (Tayassuidae), which evolved separately from true pigs (Suidae) in the Western Hemisphere. This species possesses specific physical traits and dimensions that distinguish it within the arid and tropical ecosystems it inhabits.
Defining the Javelina’s Dimensions
The size of an adult Javelina is modest, placing it in the medium-sized mammal category. They typically stand between 51 and 61 centimeters (20 to 24 inches) tall at the shoulder, giving them a stocky, low-to-the-ground profile. Their overall body length, measured from the snout to the rump, ranges from 1.0 to 1.5 meters (3 feet 3 inches to nearly 5 feet).
The weight of a mature Javelina usually falls between 16 and 27 kilograms (35 to 60 pounds), though some larger individuals may reach up to 30 kilograms (66 pounds). Size variation occurs across their vast geographic range. Males and females are often difficult to distinguish based on size alone, as they are quite similar in both height and weight.
The Javelina’s compact and robust build is an adaptation that allows them to navigate dense brush and scrubland efficiently. Their body mass is supported by slender legs, which contribute to their quick movement.
Distinctive Physical Characteristics
The Javelina is defined by several unique physical characteristics that distinguish it from true pigs (Suidae family). Their coat is composed of coarse, grizzled hair, typically a mixture of black, gray, and brownish bristles. This dense pelage offers protection and camouflage within their varied habitats.
The most notable feature is the light-colored band of hair that encircles the neck and shoulder area, creating a distinctive “collar.” This feature gives the species its alternate common name, the Collared Peccary. A noticeable mane of dark hair runs along the spine from the head to the rump, and these bristles can be erected when the animal is alarmed.
A primary defining trait is the structure of their teeth, particularly the canines, which are the source of the name “javelina” (meaning “javelin” in Spanish). Unlike the curved tusks of pigs, the Javelina’s canines are straight and point downward. These tusks rub against each other, maintaining a razor-sharp edge used for defense and slicing tough plant material. The animal also possesses a prominent dorsal scent gland above the tail, used for social communication and marking territory.
Preferred Habitat and Geographic Distribution
The Javelina has one of the most extensive ranges of any wild ungulate in the Western Hemisphere, demonstrating remarkable adaptability. Its distribution extends from the Southwestern United States, through Central America, and down into northern Argentina. In the U.S., the species is found only in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.
The Javelina occupies a diverse range of environments, from tropical rainforests to arid landscapes. In the Southwestern U.S., they predominantly inhabit desert scrublands, chaparral, oak woodlands, and rocky canyons. They commonly prefer dense brush or thickets, as these areas provide shelter from the heat and protection from predators.
They often select habitats with access to a water source and an abundance of prickly pear cactus. Prickly pear forms a significant part of their diet and provides necessary moisture. The Javelina’s ability to thrive in varied conditions highlights its flexibility in coping with different climatic and ecological pressures.