A suppository is a solid, often conical or torpedo-shaped, medication delivery system designed to be inserted into the rectum. It consists of medication dispersed within an inactive base material that remains solid at room temperature. For constipation, a suppository provides swift, localized relief by introducing an active compound directly to the lower gastrointestinal tract. This method bypasses the digestive system, allowing for a rapid onset of action compared to orally ingested laxatives.
The Physical Delivery System
Once placed into the rectum, the physical process of medication release begins immediately. The body’s internal temperature, around 98.6°F (37°C), is sufficient to melt the suppository base. Common bases, such as cocoa butter or hydrogenated vegetable oils, transition from a solid to a liquid state within minutes of insertion. This melting action frees the active ingredients from their solid housing.
As the base dissolves, the medication is released to interact directly with the lining of the rectal wall and the lower colon. This localized delivery distinguishes suppositories from oral medications that must travel through the stomach and small intestine. The active substance quickly begins its work to either stimulate a bowel movement or soften the stool for passage.
Different Suppository Types and How They Stimulate Relief
Suppositories for constipation fall into two main categories, each employing a distinct chemical mechanism. The first type utilizes an osmotic agent, such as glycerin, which works by drawing moisture into the lower bowel. Glycerin suppositories pull water from surrounding tissues into the fecal matter within the colon. This influx of fluid softens the hard stool mass, making it easier to pass through the rectum.
The melted glycerin base also provides a lubricating film that coats the stool and the intestinal lining. This dual action of softening the contents and lubricating the passage facilitates a smoother bowel movement. This mechanism is generally considered gentle and relies on natural physiological processes to restore comfort and function.
The second major category includes stimulant suppositories, often containing active ingredients like bisacodyl. Bisacodyl acts by directly irritating the sensory nerve endings located in the mucosal lining of the colon. This irritation signals the body to increase peristalsis, the rhythmic, wave-like contractions of the intestinal muscles.
By boosting these muscular contractions, the suppository forces the movement of the impacted stool toward the rectum for evacuation. This approach provides a stronger and more direct push than osmotic types, making it effective for stubborn cases of constipation. Both types act locally and quickly, minimizing systemic absorption into the bloodstream.
Practical Guide to Use and Expected Results
Proper technique ensures the suppository melts and delivers medication effectively without being expelled prematurely. Before insertion, the suppository should be firm; if softened, chill it briefly in the refrigerator to restore its shape. Remove the protective wrapper, and moisten the tip slightly with water to ease insertion. Avoid using petroleum jelly or oil, as these can interfere with the melting action.
The most comfortable position for insertion is typically lying on the left side with the right knee bent toward the chest. Gently push the suppository, pointed end first, into the rectum until it passes the muscular ring known as the anal sphincter. For adults, this means inserting it about one inch to ensure it stays in place.
After insertion, remain lying down for a few minutes to allow the base to fully melt and coat the rectal lining. It is important to resist the urge to have a bowel movement immediately, as the medication needs time to work. The expected timeframe for relief varies depending on the suppository type and individual physiology.
Glycerin suppositories are known for their rapid action, often producing a bowel movement within 15 to 60 minutes. Stimulant suppositories, such as those containing bisacodyl, may take slightly longer, with results typically appearing between 15 minutes and one hour. If no bowel movement occurs after several hours or if abdominal pain increases, consult a healthcare provider.