The herb Nepeta cataria, commonly known as catnip, is a perennial plant belonging to the mint family, Lamiaceae. This plant is famous for the euphoric reaction it triggers in many domestic felines. The source of this effect is nepetalactone, a volatile oil compound found in the plant’s leaves and stems. While catnip’s reputation centers on its impact on cats, it has a long history of use in human traditional medicine. The chemical components of catnip interact with the human body in ways that are far more subtle than the feline response.
Why Humans React Differently Than Cats
The behavioral reaction observed in cats is due to a specific biological pathway that humans lack. Nepetalactone is detected by the cat’s main olfactory system, stimulating parts of the brain related to hunting and sexual behavior, which leads to characteristic rolling and rubbing actions. The feline response is genetically determined and involves the central nervous system, creating a temporary state of euphoria.
Humans do not possess the precise olfactory receptors or the neural wiring that translates the nepetalactone signal into a euphoric high. Although the compound is present, it does not fit the biological “lock” in the human brain that would trigger a similar psychological experience. For people, the primary effects occur after ingestion, where the plant compounds interact with the digestive and nervous systems rather than the olfactory system.
Traditional and Modern Uses
Historically, people have utilized catnip for various applications, ranging from herbal tea to topical poultices. The dried leaves and flowering tops have been brewed as a soothing herbal tea for centuries. The herb has also been occasionally dried and smoked, though reported effects are mild relaxation rather than a psychoactive experience.
Beyond ingestion, the plant’s essential oil, which is rich in nepetalactone, is recognized as a natural insect repellent. Studies have shown the oil is effective against certain insects, including mosquitoes. Topically, catnip has also been used in traditional remedies to reduce swelling and provide temporary relief from minor aches.
Documented Physiological Outcomes
When consumed by humans, usually as an herbal infusion, catnip primarily acts as a mild sedative and relaxant. The plant contains compounds believed to interact with the body’s gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathways. These are the main inhibitory neurotransmitters responsible for calming the nervous system, promoting a sense of calmness that can help those experiencing mild anxiety or restlessness.
Catnip tea is frequently used as a sleep aid due to its gentle soporific properties, encouraging the body to shift into a relaxed state without causing heavy grogginess. The herb also exhibits antispasmodic effects, which help relax the smooth muscles of the digestive tract. This provides relief from minor stomach discomfort, gas, and cramping, and may also help alleviate mild tension headaches.
Safety and Contraindications
Catnip is considered safe for most adults when consumed in moderate amounts, such as in cupful servings of tea. Overconsumption or high doses may lead to minor side effects, including headaches, nausea, or feeling ill. Due to its mild sedative effect, individuals taking pharmaceutical sedatives should consult a healthcare professional before use, as catnip may enhance drowsiness.
Specific populations are advised to avoid catnip entirely because of documented risks. It is considered unsafe during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as the herb may stimulate uterine contractions and induce menstruation. People with pelvic inflammatory disease or those experiencing heavy menstrual bleeding should also avoid the herb.