Sodium citrate dihydrate (SCD) is a common ingredient in over-the-counter remedies specifically formulated to relieve nausea and upset stomach. This compound is the sodium salt of citric acid, and it functions primarily as an alkalinizing agent. SCD is often combined with simple sugars like dextrose and fructose in commercial formulations designed to provide temporary relief from sour or irritated stomach conditions. The mechanism involves altering the highly acidic environment of the stomach, which is often the source of the discomfort that triggers the sensation of nausea.
How it Neutralizes the Stomach
Sodium citrate dihydrate works by chemically neutralizing the excessive hydrochloric acid (HCl) present in the stomach. The ingestion of SCD introduces a base compound into the gastric environment, which then reacts with the stomach acid. This acid-base reaction results in a swift elevation of the gastric pH level, making the stomach contents less acidic.
Nausea is frequently linked to a stomach lining irritated by high acid levels, which can send distress signals to the brain’s vomiting center. By raising the pH, SCD reduces this irritation, effectively dampening the signal that initiates the vomiting reflex. The immediate neutralization of acid is a localized action that provides quick symptomatic relief from the feeling of unease and sourness in the stomach.
Sodium citrate is also absorbed into the bloodstream and metabolized into sodium bicarbonate. This metabolic process makes the compound a systemic alkalizer, meaning it can influence the acid-base balance throughout the body. This systemic action ensures a more sustained reduction in overall acidity.
The common co-ingredients, dextrose and fructose, also contribute to the anti-nausea effect by acting as hyperosmolar carbohydrates. These sugars are thought to have a direct influence on the gastrointestinal wall, helping to reduce the involuntary, spasmodic contractions of the stomach’s smooth muscle. The combined action of acid neutralization and smooth muscle relaxation works synergistically to alleviate the physical symptoms of an upset stomach.
Proper Dosing and Administration
Sodium citrate dihydrate is available in several over-the-counter formulations, most commonly as a concentrated liquid solution or as chewable tablets. For the temporary relief of nausea associated with an upset stomach, the dosing is typically repeated until symptoms subside. Standard dosing for adults often involves taking 15 milliliters (mL) of the liquid solution, often diluted with an equal amount of water, as a single dose.
Alternatively, if using the chewable tablet form, the general guideline is to chew two to four tablets completely at the onset of symptoms. The dosage may be repeated after a short period, such as 15 minutes, if the nausea persists.
Regardless of the formulation, users should not exceed the maximum number of doses specified on the product label, which is typically six doses within a 24-hour period. This medication is intended only for minor, temporary stomach upset. If nausea continues for more than two weeks or if it recurs frequently, it indicates an underlying issue that requires consultation with a healthcare professional.
Important Safety Considerations
While generally safe for temporary relief, sodium citrate dihydrate contains a significant amount of sodium, which necessitates caution for certain individuals. Patients who are on a sodium-restricted diet, such as those with heart failure, kidney disease, or uncontrolled high blood pressure, should avoid this medication. The excess sodium intake can exacerbate these pre-existing conditions by increasing fluid retention and blood pressure.
Overconsumption of SCD can potentially lead to a condition called metabolic alkalosis, where the body’s fluids become too alkaline. Symptoms of this imbalance may include muscle twitching, light-headedness, and confusion, requiring immediate medical attention. Mild side effects are more common and can include digestive discomfort such as stomach pain, diarrhea, and occasionally, an increase in nausea or vomiting.
Sodium citrate may also interact with other prescription medications by altering the stomach’s pH and affecting drug absorption. For instance, it can potentially interfere with the effectiveness of certain antibiotics or increase the excretion of drugs like lithium. Patients should always consult their doctor or pharmacist before using SCD if they are taking other medications or have chronic health conditions like diabetes or kidney impairment.