Bruising is a common side effect of plasma donation. This discoloration on the skin is medically known as a hematoma, a collection of blood outside of a blood vessel. While the sight of a bruise can appear alarming, it is typically a harmless and temporary result of the donation process. The body reabsorbs this pooled blood over time, though there are steps you can take to encourage a faster resolution.
Why Bruises Occur After Plasma Donation
The formation of a bruise begins when the needle punctures the vein wall. Even with a skilled technician, a small amount of blood may leak out of the vein and into the surrounding soft tissues beneath the skin, causing the purplish-blue appearance of a hematoma. Plasma donation uses a larger-gauge needle compared to a standard blood draw, which is necessary for the higher flow rate required during the procedure. This larger puncture site can increase the risk of blood escaping the vein, especially if the needle moves slightly or the vein is fragile. Insufficient pressure applied immediately after the needle is removed is a primary reason the blood continues to seep out.
Immediate Steps for Minimizing Bruising (The First 48 Hours)
The initial 48 hours following the donation are dedicated to stopping internal bleeding and limiting the bruise’s size. Directly after the procedure, firm, sustained pressure must be applied to the puncture site for several minutes, preferably without bending the elbow, to allow the vein to seal. Bending the arm can disrupt the clotting process inside the vein, potentially worsening the hematoma.
Applying a cold compress or ice pack wrapped in a cloth to the area is beneficial during this phase. The cold temperature causes blood vessels to constrict, reducing the amount of blood leaking into the tissue and helping to decrease swelling and pain. Cold therapy should be used intermittently, for 10 to 20 minutes at a time, for the first one to two days. Elevating the arm above the level of the heart, if possible, can also help slow blood flow to the injury site and minimize the pooling of blood.
Techniques for Accelerating Bruise Resolution
Once the initial 48-hour period has passed, the focus shifts from vasoconstriction to promoting the body’s natural reabsorption process. Applying moist heat to the area encourages vasodilation. Increased blood flow to the bruise site helps carry away the trapped blood cells and cellular debris, accelerating the color change and fading of the hematoma. Warm compresses or a heating pad can be applied for 15 to 20 minutes several times a day.
Gentle massage around the edges of the bruise, avoiding the tender center, may help break up the pooled blood and encourage lymphatic drainage. This action increases local circulation, assisting in the clearance of blood breakdown products. Some people use over-the-counter topical creams containing Arnica, which may reduce inflammation, or Vitamin K, known for its role in clotting. These treatments should only be applied to unbroken skin.
Knowing When to Seek Medical Attention and Prevention
While most bruises are benign, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical attention, as they may indicate a more serious complication. Seek care if you experience severe or rapidly worsening pain, or if the bruise is accompanied by persistent numbness or tingling in your arm or fingers. A hematoma that quickly increases in size, feels extremely hard, or shows signs of infection like increasing redness, warmth, pus, or fever, needs evaluation. These signs could point to phlebitis or a rare occurrence of compartment syndrome.
Taking preventative steps before and after your donation can reduce the risk of future bruising. Ensuring you are well-hydrated before donating helps to plump up your veins, making them easier targets for the technician. After the draw, continue applying firm pressure for the recommended time and avoid heavy lifting or strenuous activity with that arm for at least a few hours. Wearing loose-fitting clothing prevents constriction on your arm, which can increase pressure in the veins and exacerbate the risk of bruising.