Chiggers are the microscopic larval stage of mites that cause intensely itchy, red welts on the skin. Contrary to popular belief, these tiny arachnids do not burrow into the skin; instead, they attach to the host and inject a digestive enzyme. The resulting irritation is a localized allergic reaction to this enzyme, leading to severe itching that often begins hours after exposure. This discomfort can last for one to two weeks, and treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and promoting skin healing.
Stopping the Immediate Itch and Discomfort
Immediate cleansing is the first step after discovering chigger bites or returning from a chigger-prone area. Take a warm or hot shower and use soap, vigorously scrubbing the affected areas with a washcloth. This action dislodges any remaining larvae that may still be attached or migrating on the skin.
Once the skin is clean, acute itching should be managed with topical treatments. Over-the-counter options like calamine lotion or 1% hydrocortisone cream can be applied directly to the lesions to soothe the skin and reduce inflammation. Anti-itch products containing menthol and camphor can also provide a temporary cooling sensation.
Oral antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine or cetirizine, help reduce the body’s overall allergic response. For localized relief, applying a cold compress or ice pack to the bites can numb the area and decrease swelling. Soaking in a lukewarm bath with colloidal oatmeal provides widespread relief for irritated skin.
Caring for Bites and Preventing Infection
The intense itching often leads to scratching, which breaks the skin surface and introduces bacteria. This can cause a secondary bacterial infection like impetigo or cellulitis. Keeping fingernails trimmed short helps mitigate this risk.
If the skin is broken, clean the area gently and treat it with an antiseptic cream or a triple antibiotic ointment. This step helps prevent pathogens from entering the wound and promotes a sterile environment for healing. Continuously applying anti-itch medication is the best strategy to stop the urge to scratch and allow the skin to recover.
Monitor the bites for signs of a secondary infection, including increasing redness, warmth, pain, or swelling extending beyond the initial bite area. The presence of pus or a fever indicates that medical attention is needed. If intense itching persists for more than a few days, or if the bites develop into a severe rash or large blisters, a healthcare provider may prescribe a stronger topical steroid.
Avoiding Chiggers in the Future
Preventing chigger bites requires minimizing exposure and creating barriers when entering high-risk environments. Chiggers thrive in tall grasses, overgrown fields, wooded areas, and near berry patches, especially in warm and humid conditions. When spending time in these habitats, walk in the center of trails to avoid brushing against vegetation.
Clothing acts as an effective physical barrier against chigger migration onto the skin. Wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts made of tightly woven fabric, and tuck pant legs into socks or boots. This seals off common entry points where chiggers often attach, such as the ankles and waistline.
Chemical repellents provide an additional layer of protection against the mites. Apply a repellent containing DEET to exposed skin and clothing according to the product’s directions. Permethrin should be applied only to clothing and gear, not directly to the skin, and allowed to dry completely before wearing. Immediately laundering clothes worn in chigger-infested areas in hot, soapy water kills any remaining larvae.