A cough is one of the most common and often persistent symptoms experienced during and after a COVID-19 infection. This reflex action is the body’s attempt to clear irritants and mucus from the respiratory system. Understanding the nature of the COVID-related cough and applying targeted relief methods can significantly improve comfort during recovery. Treatment involves both home-based interventions and the strategic use of over-the-counter medications.
Understanding How COVID Affects the Airways
The cough associated with COVID-19 results from the SARS-CoV-2 virus directly attacking cells in the respiratory tract. The virus targets cells that express the ACE2 receptor, which are dense in the airway lining. This viral activity leads to inflammation of the lower airways, specifically the trachea and bronchi.
This inflammation causes the airways to become hypersensitive, triggering the cough reflex. Early in the infection, this commonly manifests as a persistent, dry, or non-productive cough that lacks mucus. Later, as the body’s immune system responds, it may produce excess mucus, leading to a wet or productive cough.
Immediate Non-Pharmacological Relief Strategies
One of the most effective strategies involves maintaining adequate hydration using warm fluids. Drinking water, herbal teas, or warm broths helps to thin the mucus, making it easier to clear the airways. Staying hydrated also keeps the throat moist, which reduces the irritation that triggers the cough reflex.
Utilizing steam provides substantial relief. Sitting in a bathroom filled with warm steam from a running shower or using a room humidifier adds moisture to the air. This moist air helps loosen thick mucus trapped in the respiratory passages, reducing the intensity and frequency of coughing spells.
Natural demulcents, which coat and soothe the mucous membranes, can also be helpful. For adults and children over one year old, taking a teaspoon of honey or dissolving it in warm tea can calm a sore throat and ease the cough. Sucking on medicated lozenges or hard candies provides a similar soothing effect by stimulating saliva production. Elevating the head and chest with extra pillows while sleeping helps prevent post-nasal drip from aggravating the airways.
Guidance on Over-the-Counter Medications
Over-the-counter (OTC) medications offer targeted relief, but selecting the correct type depends entirely on the nature of the cough. For a dry, non-productive cough, a cough suppressant (antitussive) is the preferred choice. These medications, such as those containing Dextromethorphan (DM), work by acting on the cough center in the brain to temporarily inhibit the reflex.
If the cough is wet and productive, an expectorant is a more appropriate option. The active ingredient Guaifenesin functions by thinning and loosening the mucus in the bronchial tubes. This action makes the mucus easier to cough up and clear, which helps reduce chest congestion.
It is important to carefully read the drug facts label for all OTC products before use. Many cold and flu formulations combine suppressants, expectorants, and decongestants. If the cough is the primary symptom, choosing a single-ingredient product is recommended to avoid consuming unnecessary medicines. Medicated throat sprays or lozenges can also offer temporary topical relief for irritation.
Recognizing When to Contact a Doctor
While most COVID-related coughs can be managed at home, certain symptoms require immediate medical attention. Serious indicators should prompt a call for emergency care:
- Severe shortness of breath at rest or difficulty breathing.
- New confusion.
- Pain or pressure in the chest.
- Blue lips or a blue face.
- Coughing up blood.
If the cough persists for several weeks after the initial acute illness has resolved, consult a healthcare provider. A lingering cough may indicate a secondary infection, post-COVID complications, or other underlying issues that require professional evaluation.