Experiencing ear pressure, often described as a feeling of fullness, discomfort, or muffled hearing, is a frequent complaint among people with COVID-19. This sensation arises as a secondary effect of the virus targeting the upper respiratory system, rather than the ear being directly infected. The discomfort can range from mild stuffiness to a pronounced feeling that interferes with daily life. This temporary symptom is similar to pressure changes felt during a flight or a bad cold.
The Reason COVID Causes Ear Pressure
The primary mechanism leading to ear pressure involves the Eustachian tube. This tube connects the middle ear, the air-filled space behind the eardrum, to the back of the nose and the upper throat (nasopharynx). Its main function is to equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere outside the body.
COVID-19 triggers inflammation and increased mucus production throughout the nasal passages and throat. This swelling and congestion can directly impair or block the opening of the Eustachian tube in the nasopharynx. When the tube cannot open correctly, it fails to ventilate the middle ear and equalize the pressure, leading to a vacuum effect or fluid buildup. This pressure imbalance results in the feeling of fullness, blockage, or muffled hearing characteristic of Eustachian tube dysfunction.
Immediate Non-Medical Relief Techniques
Simple physical actions can often help force the Eustachian tube to open, providing immediate, temporary relief. Yawning and swallowing are the most basic actions, as both engage the muscles that control the tube’s opening. Chewing gum can also encourage the necessary muscle movements for ventilation and help equalize pressure.
A more deliberate technique is the Valsalva maneuver, which involves gently forcing air into the middle ear. To perform this, take a deep breath, close your mouth, and pinch your nostrils shut. Then, try to exhale gently, as if blowing up a balloon, without letting any air escape. Perform this technique with minimal force to avoid damaging the eardrum.
Another effective non-medical approach focuses on thinning mucus and reducing inflammation in the nasal passages. Inhaling steam, such as by standing in a hot shower or leaning over a bowl of hot water, helps moisten and break up thick secretions. Using a humidifier, especially while sleeping, maintains moisture in the air and soothes irritated mucous membranes. Remaining well-hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids aids in thinning the body’s secretions, making drainage easier.
Positional adjustments can also encourage drainage and relieve pressure. Sitting upright instead of lying down helps prevent fluid from pooling in the nasal passages and throat. Propping your head up with extra pillows while resting can facilitate better drainage and reduce nighttime congestion.
Over-the-Counter Treatments for Pressure Relief
Pharmacological options focus on treating the underlying congestion and inflammation that cause the Eustachian tube blockage. Decongestants, such as those containing pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine, work by shrinking the swollen blood vessels and mucous membranes in the nasal cavity. This reduction in swelling helps to reopen the obstructed entrance of the Eustachian tube.
Oral decongestants provide systemic relief, while nasal spray decongestants offer targeted, rapid shrinkage of nasal tissue. Nasal sprays containing ingredients like oxymetazoline should not be used for more than three consecutive days. Prolonged use can lead to rebound congestion, where the nasal passages swell more severely once the medication is stopped.
Antihistamines are another option, particularly if inflammation is linked to post-nasal drip or underlying allergies. These medications help by drying up the mucous membranes, reducing the overall amount of fluid buildup. Acetaminophen or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen can be used to manage associated discomfort and inflammation.
Recognizing Symptoms That Require a Doctor Visit
While most ear pressure related to a viral infection resolves as the illness clears, certain symptoms signal a need for professional medical evaluation. Consult a healthcare provider if you experience:
- Severe or rapidly worsening ear pain, which suggests a potential secondary bacterial infection.
- Sudden or significant loss of hearing.
- Discharge or drainage of fluid from the ear, which could indicate a perforation of the eardrum.
- Severe dizziness or persistent vertigo, which can point to inner ear involvement.
- Ear pressure that does not improve after several days of home care.
- Symptoms accompanied by a high fever.