Chiggers are tiny mites, specifically the parasitic larval stage of a mite in the Trombiculidae family, and they are responsible for causing intensely itchy skin reactions. Finding and removing them quickly after exposure is the first step in minimizing discomfort. Immediate physical removal followed by diligent care for the resulting irritation can significantly reduce the duration and severity of the itching and prevent secondary infections.
Identification and Bite Mechanism
Chiggers are nearly microscopic, reddish-orange larvae that are generally invisible to the naked eye when alone on the skin. A common misunderstanding is that they burrow into the skin or suck blood; in reality, chiggers attach to the skin surface and inject digestive enzymes through their mouthparts.
These enzymes break down skin cells, liquefying the tissue around the point of attachment. The body’s immune response causes the surrounding skin to harden, forming a straw-like feeding tube known as a stylostome. The chigger then ingests the liquefied tissue through this stylostome, a feeding process that can last for several days if the mite is not dislodged. This clarification shows why folk remedies like painting the bite with nail polish are ineffective, as the chigger is not burrowed beneath the skin.
Immediate Removal Procedures
Immediate and thorough washing is the most effective removal procedure the moment exposure to a chigger habitat is suspected. Chiggers tend to attach in areas where clothing fits tightly, such as around the waistline, ankles, and behind the knees. Focusing on these areas helps dislodge any mites that have not yet firmly attached or begun feeding.
Taking a bath or shower with soap and water as soon as possible physically removes the chiggers from the skin. Scrub the skin vigorously with a washcloth or loofah to ensure any remaining mites are scraped away. All garments worn during exposure should be removed and immediately washed in hot water, as the hot water and detergent will kill any chiggers clinging to the fabric.
Managing Itching and Symptoms
Once the mites are removed, the focus shifts to managing the intense itching caused by the body’s reaction to the injected enzymes. The resulting red welts and itching, often called chigger dermatitis, can persist for one to two weeks. Over-the-counter (OTC) topical anti-itch creams are the primary treatment method for relief.
Topical and Oral Treatments
A 1% hydrocortisone cream, a mild topical steroid, reduces inflammation and suppresses the allergic reaction.
Calamine lotion soothes the skin and helps dry out any weeping bites.
Oral antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, can be taken for more widespread relief of itching and allergic response.
Symptom Relief and Infection Prevention
Applying a cold compress or an ice pack for up to ten minutes helps numb the skin and temporarily relieve the desire to scratch. Soaking in a bath with colloidal oatmeal also provides a soothing, anti-inflammatory effect. It is important to resist scratching the bites, as breaking the skin can introduce bacteria and lead to a secondary infection. If signs of infection develop, such as increased redness, swelling, oozing, or a fever, seek medical attention immediately for a potential antibiotic prescription.
Preventing Future Chigger Bites
Avoiding areas with known chigger populations, such as tall grass, wooded areas, and dense brush, is the most straightforward preventative measure. When venturing into these environments, wearing protective clothing creates a physical barrier against the mites. This includes long-sleeved shirts and long pants, which should be tucked into socks and boots to prevent chiggers from crawling up the legs.
Applying an EPA-registered insect repellent is highly recommended for additional protection. Repellents containing DEET can be applied directly to exposed skin and around clothing openings like cuffs and waistbands. For clothing, an insecticide containing permethrin can be used to treat fabric, which kills chiggers on contact and remains effective through several washings.