The genus Nepeta encompasses several species of aromatic herbaceous plants commonly known as catmint or catnip, all members of the mint family (Lamiaceae). These plants contain a volatile oil responsible for their distinctive scent and effects, leading to frequent questions about their safety, particularly regarding human consumption and interaction with felines. Understanding the differences between common varieties and their historical uses is key to addressing these concerns.
Clarifying Catmint and Catnip
The terms “catmint” and “catnip” are often used interchangeably but refer to distinct species within the Nepeta genus. True catnip (Nepeta cataria) is the species most famous for its potent effect on cats, known for its weedy, upright growth and smaller white or pale lavender flowers.
“Catmint” usually refers to ornamental hybrids popular in landscaping, such as Nepeta x faassenii or Nepeta racemosa. These varieties are prized for their mounding growth habit and abundant, long-lasting lavender-blue flowers. Both species contain the compound nepetalactone, which causes the feline response. However, ornamental catmints typically contain a lower concentration of this active oil than Nepeta cataria, resulting in a milder effect on cats.
Edibility and Safety for Humans
The question of edibility largely focuses on Nepeta cataria, which has a long history of human use. The leaves and flowering tops of catnip are generally considered safe for human consumption in moderate amounts. Historically, the plant was commonly prepared as a soothing herbal tea, thought to help with stress, anxiety, and digestive issues like gas.
The young leaves of Nepeta cataria can also be eaten raw, providing a subtly minty flavor suitable for salads or as a culinary seasoning. Older leaves are sometimes used to flavor cooked dishes, though the taste can be slightly bitter or oily. When preparing tea, the leaves should be steeped in hot water, as boiling may diminish the potency of the volatile oils.
While safe for most adults, high concentrations can cause side effects due to its diuretic properties. Catnip should also be avoided by pregnant women due to its traditional use as an emmenagogue, a substance that stimulates blood flow in the pelvic area. Consumption of concentrated extracts or excessive amounts is not recommended, and individuals taking medication should consult a healthcare provider before using catnip medicinally.
Effects and Safety for Cats
The primary appeal of the Nepeta genus for felines comes from the volatile oil nepetalactone, which triggers a euphoric, harmless response in an estimated two-thirds of cats. The compound is thought to mimic a feline pheromone, activating receptors in the cat’s nasal tissues. This reaction typically involves sniffing, licking, chewing, head rubbing, and rolling, lasting about five to fifteen minutes before the cat becomes temporarily immune to the effects.
The response is more pronounced with Nepeta cataria due to its higher nepetalactone content, though garden catmint varieties can still elicit a milder reaction. Catmint and catnip are generally regarded as non-toxic to cats.
Ingesting a small amount of the leaves or stems is unlikely to cause harm. However, consuming an excessive quantity can lead to mild gastrointestinal upset, typically resulting in temporary vomiting or diarrhea. Pet owners can reduce this risk by limiting access to large patches of the plant or by using catnip only in toys designed to prevent excessive ingestion.