The correct common name for the widespread, slender reptiles belonging to the genus Thamnophis is the Garter Snake. Confusion often arises because the term “garden snake” is frequently used. These snakes are among the most common and widely distributed reptiles across North America, ranging from Canada down to Central America.
Clarifying the Common Name
The popular term “Garden Snake” is an incorrect colloquialism, likely arising from a mishearing or mispronunciation of the proper name. Since these snakes are frequently found in grassy, moist areas, including suburban lawns and gardens, the mistaken name is understandable. However, the accepted name, Garter Snake, has an unusual etymological origin unrelated to landscaping.
The name “garter” refers to the snake’s distinctive pattern, which was thought to resemble the garters—strips of fabric once used to hold up socks or shirt sleeves. These accessories were often striped or patterned, mirroring the longitudinal lines running down the snake’s body. The name is thus a reference to a clothing item, not the animal’s typical habitat.
Key Identifying Features
Identifying a Garter Snake involves looking for the signature pattern of three longitudinal stripes running from head to tail. Typically, one stripe runs down the center of the back, and one runs along each side of the body. These stripes are yellow, white, or blue, contrasting against a darker background color of black, brown, gray, or olive.
Garter Snakes are small to medium, with most adults measuring between 2 to 3 feet in total length. They have a slender build and possess keeled scales. The genus Thamnophis contains about 35 species, so exact coloration and pattern vary significantly by geographic location. In some varieties, the stripes may be faint or absent, and the dark background may feature checkered spots.
Safety and Temperament
A primary concern for anyone encountering a snake is whether it poses a threat; the Garter Snake is a non-venomous species harmless to humans and pets. While some species possess a mild neurotoxin in their saliva, this venom is only effective on small prey like frogs or slugs, and is not dangerous to people. A bite, which is rare and only happens when the snake is provoked, is mild and non-toxic.
When threatened, the Garter Snake’s main defense mechanism is musking, not striking. This involves releasing a foul-smelling secretion from glands near the base of its tail to dissuade a predator. They may also engage in a pseudo-strike or hiss to scare off a perceived threat. These snakes are docile and will try to flee and hide rather than confront a person or pet.