Spotted Spurge ( Euphorbia maculata ) is a widespread annual weed often found growing in lawns, gardens, and sidewalk cracks, and it is considered toxic to humans. The plant’s danger comes from the milky white latex sap present throughout the stems and leaves. This sap contains irritant compounds that primarily cause localized reactions upon contact. The main human health concerns are contact dermatitis (skin irritation) and mucosal irritation if the sap contacts the eyes or is accidentally ingested.
Identifying Spotted Spurge
Spotted spurge is a low-growing plant that spreads out horizontally, often forming a dense, circular mat close to the ground. A key identifying characteristic is the presence of a dark, reddish-purple or maroon spot, or blotch, typically located near the center of each small, oval-shaped leaf. The leaves are arranged oppositely along the plant’s reddish stems, which are often covered in fine hairs.
The milky latex sap immediately oozes out when a stem or leaf is broken or cut. Spotted spurge is a summer annual weed, meaning it germinates in warm weather and is commonly found pushing up through pavement cracks, in gravel driveways, or in areas where the soil is compacted or dry.
Effects on the Human Body
The toxic effects of spotted spurge stem directly from the latex sap, which is rich in diterpene esters. These compounds are potent irritants that trigger an inflammatory response when they contact human tissue. The resulting reaction is classified as a toxic irritant contact dermatitis, meaning most people will experience irritation upon exposure.
Contact with the skin typically causes symptoms like redness, localized swelling, and an itching or burning sensation at the site of exposure. Following prolonged contact, the irritation can intensify, leading to the formation of vesicles or blisters. Handling the plant without gloves is the most common way this skin exposure occurs.
Ingestion can cause significant gastrointestinal distress. Symptoms include irritation and a burning sensation in the mouth, tongue, and throat, often followed by nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. If the sap gets into the eyes, it can cause severe irritation, redness, intense swelling, and temporary vision impairment, including blurred vision.
Immediate Steps After Exposure
Immediate and thorough washing is the most important step after any exposure to spotted spurge sap. If the sap has made contact with the skin, the area should be rinsed immediately and washed with soap and water to remove the irritant compounds. If the latex has dried or congealed on the skin, an emulsifying agent like hand-cream or milk may be necessary to dissolve the sap before washing.
For eye exposure, immediate and continuous flushing with clean water for at least 15 minutes is necessary to prevent severe damage. Following any eye contact, medical evaluation is highly recommended, even if the initial symptoms seem minor. If there is concern about ingestion, the mouth should be rinsed out immediately with water, and a regional Poison Control Center should be contacted for guidance.
Professional medical attention is necessary if symptoms are severe or persistent, such as intense or prolonged pain, blistering skin, or significant swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat. If an individual experiences difficulty swallowing, persistent vomiting or diarrhea, or any changes in vision, a healthcare professional should be consulted without delay.