Mediterranean Spurge (Euphorbia characias) is a popular ornamental shrub prized for its robust form and striking greenish-yellow flowers. Despite its appeal, the plant is toxic and requires careful handling. The primary danger comes from the milky white sap, or latex, that immediately oozes out when any part of the plant is cut or broken. This sap contains potent chemical compounds that make direct contact a significant health risk for humans and pets.
Understanding the Toxic Mechanism
The toxic properties of Mediterranean Spurge are concentrated within its sticky, latex-like sap, which contains diterpenoid esters. These natural chemicals serve as a defense mechanism for the plant. The most recognized of these are phorbol esters, known for their profound biological activity. Phorbol esters function as severe irritants and are classified as co-carcinogens, meaning they can promote the activity of other cancer-causing agents. When the sap contacts human tissue, these compounds trigger a powerful inflammatory response by activating protein kinase C (PKC) within the cells. This activation leads to the release of inflammatory mediators, causing the rapid onset of pain, swelling, and redness. The sap is delivered through any break in the plant’s structure, making pruning or accidental damage common routes of exposure.
Acute Exposure Symptoms
Exposure to the sap results in acute symptoms that vary based on the area of contact.
Skin Contact
Skin contact is the most frequent type of exposure, typically causing severe contact dermatitis. Symptoms include intense redness, swelling, and a painful burning sensation that can progress to blistering and the formation of fluid-filled lesions.
Eye Contact
Eye exposure to the toxic sap is the most serious type of contact and can lead to sight-threatening complications. The initial reaction is immediate, excruciating pain, accompanied by excessive tearing and severe light sensitivity (photophobia). The sap can cause chemical conjunctivitis and severe inflammation of the cornea and iris (keratitis and uveitis). This inflammation has resulted in temporary vision loss and, in rare instances, permanent blindness if not treated promptly.
Ingestion
Ingestion of any part of the plant, though uncommon, causes irritation and burning of the mucous membranes lining the mouth, throat, and digestive tract. Oral exposure leads to immediate pain, excessive drooling, and possible swelling of the lips and tongue. The toxins can induce severe gastrointestinal distress, including vomiting, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea. If a substantial amount is consumed, the resulting inflammation can make swallowing difficult and necessitates immediate medical attention.
Immediate First Aid and Emergency Response
Immediate and thorough decontamination is the most important step to minimize injury following sap contact.
For skin exposure, contaminated clothing should be removed at once. The affected area must be washed immediately with large amounts of cool water and soap. Rinsing with water alone is insufficient because the sap is oily and requires soap to break down and fully remove the toxic compounds.
If the sap enters the eyes, flushing must begin instantly and continue uninterrupted for 15 to 20 minutes using clean, running water. Never use soap when flushing the eyes, as this can cause further irritation. Following this extended rinse, emergency medical care is required, and affected individuals should be taken to an emergency room immediately to be assessed for chemical keratitis or uveitis.
For ingestion, do not attempt to induce vomiting. Instead, have the person rinse their mouth thoroughly with water and spit it out to remove any remaining plant material. Contact the American Association of Poison Control Centers immediately at 1-800-222-1222 for professional guidance. Severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, significant swelling of the mouth, or changes in vision, warrant calling emergency services.
Safe Handling and Disposal
To prevent accidental exposure, use personal protective equipment whenever pruning or working near Mediterranean Spurge.
- Heavy-duty, impermeable gloves must be worn.
- Long-sleeved shirts and long pants should cover all exposed skin.
- High-quality safety goggles must be worn to shield the eyes from errant sap droplets.
Tools used for pruning must be cleaned immediately after use, as the sticky latex can dry and adhere to the blades, risking future contamination. Wiping down tools with a solvent or soap and water will remove the residue. When planting, select a location away from high-traffic areas, especially those frequented by children and household pets.
Cut stems and leaves must be handled with the same caution as the live plant material. These cuttings should be sealed in plastic bags and discarded with regular household waste to prevent accidental contact. Avoid composting or burning the material, as these processes can concentrate or aerosolize the irritants, leading to unintended exposure risks.