Moonflower is a common name applied to several night-blooming plants, but the varieties associated with serious poisoning are primarily from the Datura and Brugmansia genera. These plants, sometimes also called Jimson Weed or Angel’s Trumpet, contain powerful toxins. Every part of these species, including the seeds, flowers, leaves, and roots, carries a risk of toxicity upon ingestion. Understanding the hazards associated with these ornamental garden plants is important for the safety of both people and animals.
The Toxic Components and Mechanism of Action
The toxicity of these Moonflower varieties stems from potent compounds known as tropane alkaloids. The three main alkaloids present are atropine, scopolamine (hyoscine), and hyoscyamine. These substances interfere with the parasympathetic nervous system via an anticholinergic mechanism.
These alkaloids act as competitive antagonists to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that governs many involuntary functions, including muscle contraction, heart rate, and secretion production. By blocking these receptors, the tropane alkaloids halt the signals that acetylcholine would normally transmit, causing the physical and neurological symptoms that characterize Moonflower poisoning.
Recognizing Symptoms in Humans
Ingestion of Moonflower parts in humans affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Peripheral symptoms manifest as pronounced dryness of the mucous membranes, resulting in dry mouth and skin, a flushed face, and an inability to sweat normally, which can lead to an elevated body temperature.
The visual system is impacted, presenting as mydriasis (fixed and widely dilated pupils), causing blurred vision and sensitivity to light. Tachycardia, or a rapid heart rate, is another characteristic peripheral sign. Central nervous system involvement leads to psychological and cognitive changes, including confusion, disorientation, anxiety, and agitation.
The affected person may experience vivid hallucinations and delirium. In severe cases, the poisoning can cause urinary retention, muscle stiffness, seizures, and amnesia. Symptoms typically appear within an hour of ingestion and can persist for 24 to 48 hours.
Recognizing Symptoms in Pets
Moonflower toxicity in pets presents with similar anticholinergic effects. The neurological impact is observed as hyperactivity, restlessness, and agitation. Disorientation and ataxia (lack of coordination) can cause the animal to stumble.
Peripheral signs include a rapid heart rate and dilated pupils. Gastrointestinal distress is a common initial presentation, typically including vomiting and diarrhea. Because pets may ingest significant quantities, the effects can rapidly progress to severe complications.
Large ingestions can lead to muscle tremors, convulsions, and seizures. Pet owners should recognize these signs as a medical emergency requiring immediate veterinary intervention. The time between ingestion and the onset of observable signs can be brief, making prompt action important for a favorable outcome.
Immediate Response and Medical Intervention
Immediate action is necessary if Moonflower exposure is suspected. For oral ingestion, remove any remaining plant material from the mouth. If the skin or eyes have come into contact with the plant’s sap, rinse the affected area with running water to minimize absorption.
Following initial first aid, contact a poison control center immediately by calling 1-800-222-1222 for humans, or an emergency veterinary hospital for pets. If the individual is unconscious, having a seizure, or experiencing difficulty breathing, call emergency services immediately.
Professional medical treatment focuses on supportive care to stabilize the patient’s vital signs. This typically involves intravenous fluids and careful monitoring in a hospital setting. A medical professional may administer activated charcoal to reduce further toxin absorption from the digestive tract. For severe anticholinergic toxicity, the antidote physostigmine may be used to reverse the effects on the central nervous system.