The cherry tree’s root system anchors the tree, absorbs water, and uptakes the necessary minerals that fuel growth and fruit production. Understanding the structure and specific needs of the roots is fundamental to successful cultivation. Proper management of the root environment directly influences the overall health, vigor, and longevity of the cherry tree.
Structure and Growth Habits
Cherry trees generally possess a shallow, fibrous root system rather than a single deep taproot. The majority of the fine, water-absorbing feeder roots are concentrated in the top 12 to 16 inches of soil, where oxygen and nutrients are readily available. These lateral roots can spread extensively, often reaching two to three times the width of the tree’s canopy.
The size and vigor of the root system are determined by the chosen rootstock, as almost all cultivated cherry trees are grafted. Vigorous rootstocks like Mazzard promote larger, deeper root systems, leading to taller trees with delayed production. Conversely, dwarfing rootstocks such as ‘Gisela 5’ restrict root growth, resulting in smaller trees that bear fruit earlier. The rootstock also influences disease resistance and tolerance to specific soil conditions.
Essential Care During Planting
The initial planting process must prioritize proper soil drainage, as cherry roots are highly susceptible to damage from saturated conditions. Selecting a site with naturally well-drained soil is necessary, as waterlogged conditions can quickly suffocate the roots and invite disease. The planting hole should be dug two to three times wider than the root ball, but no deeper.
Ensuring the root flare remains exposed above the finished soil line is the most important step during planting. The root flare is where the trunk widens into the root system and must sit at or slightly above the surrounding grade to allow for oxygen exchange. Planting too deeply buries the root flare, which can lead to bark rot and the formation of girdling roots. For containerized or bare-root stock, any circling roots must be gently teased apart or trimmed before backfilling to encourage outward growth.
Sustained Maintenance for Mature Roots
Maintaining the health of established cherry tree roots requires consistent management of the soil environment, particularly concerning water. Deep, infrequent watering is preferred over frequent shallow watering, as this encourages the roots to grow downward and outward, establishing a more resilient network. Saturating the soil deeply allows the roots to absorb moisture and then permits the soil to dry slightly, which prevents the anaerobic conditions that favor root rot.
Mulching plays a significant role in root maintenance by moderating soil temperature, retaining moisture, and suppressing weeds. A layer of organic mulch, such as wood chips, should be spread beneath the canopy, but kept several inches away from the trunk. Allowing mulch to build up against the trunk can trap moisture and encourage crown rot and insect damage.
Cherry trees are prone to producing vertical shoots, known as suckers, which sprout from the shallow lateral roots or below the graft union. These suckers should be removed immediately by tearing or cutting them close to the root of origin, as they draw energy away from the fruiting wood. Preventing physical damage to the shallow root system is essential, requiring caution when mowing or tilling nearby. Soil compaction around the base restricts the air and water movement the roots depend on. The expansive nature of cherry tree roots also necessitates planting far from structures like foundations or sidewalks.
Identifying Common Root Ailments
Several common problems can affect the root system and crown of a cherry tree, often signaling environmental stress. Root Rot, frequently caused by Phytophthora species, is a fungal-like disease that thrives in poorly drained or consistently saturated soils. Symptoms include stunted growth, yellowing leaves, and wilting, even when soil moisture seems adequate. Examination of the root crown may reveal discolored, orange-brown lesions on the inner bark and soft, rotted feeder roots.
Crown Gall is a bacterial problem caused by Rhizobium radiobacter, which enters the plant through wounds near the soil line or on the roots. This infection results in the formation of abnormal, tumor-like growths called galls, which can range from soft when young to hard and woody on mature trees. Large galls that encircle the trunk or main roots restrict the flow of water and nutrients, leading to stunted growth and increased susceptibility to other stressors. While not always fatal, the presence of galls indicates a compromised transport system.