The term “mastic tree” primarily refers to Pistacia lentiscus, a small, evergreen species of shrub or tree belonging to the Pistacia genus. Originating in the Mediterranean Basin, this plant is valued for two distinct reasons: its utility as a hardy ornamental specimen in arid landscapes, and the aromatic, pale-yellow resin it produces, known commercially as mastic gum or “tears of Chios.” The tree has found popularity in regions with similar climates, including the American Southwest, where its resilience makes it a practical landscape choice.
Advantages of Planting the Mastic Tree
The mastic tree is valued for its ability to thrive where many other species struggle. It demonstrates exceptional hardiness, resisting heavy frosts and tolerating a wide range of conditions once established, making it a low-maintenance selection.
This species is well-suited for drought-prone regions due to its deep roots and low water requirements after establishment. It tolerates poor soil types, flourishing in dry, rocky, alkaline, and even saline environments near the coast. This adaptability makes it a strong choice for soil conservation and erosion control.
The dense, dark-green foliage is evergreen, providing year-round visual appeal and shade in hot climates. It can be grown as a multi-trunked shrub for an effective screen or hedge, or trained into a single-trunked shade tree. Its slow growth is an advantage for homeowners who prefer a plant that does not require frequent trimming.
Major Challenges of Mastic Tree Ownership
Homeowners must contend with the fact that mastic trees are dioecious, meaning individual plants are either male or female. Female trees produce clusters of small, initially red, then black drupes, which create a significant litter problem when they drop, especially near paved areas or patios. Careful selection of a male tree, which produces only inconspicuous flowers, is necessary to avoid this annual cleanup.
The tree’s potential size and expansive root system are significant considerations. Although P. lentiscus is slow-growing, it can spread 20 to 30 feet, requiring substantial space away from structures. If the related Pistacia atlantica is used as rootstock, its robust roots can seek out water sources, potentially damaging underground pipes or foundations.
Certain Pistacia species, such as P. atlantica (Atlas Pistachio), are occasionally invasive in parts of the U.S., escaping cultivation and out-competing native flora. Planting near natural areas is discouraged due to this potential. Additionally, the wood is extremely hard, making substantial pruning difficult and requiring specialized tools.
The slow growth presents a long-term challenge for those seeking quick landscape solutions, as it takes many years to reach a size suitable for significant shade. Though generally pest-resistant, it is susceptible to insect infestations, such as gall-producing aphids, which can cause noticeable deformities on the leaves and branches.
Health and Culinary Benefits of Mastic Resin
Beyond its landscape function, the mastic tree is cultivated for its resin, which has a long history in traditional Mediterranean medicine as a gastrointestinal remedy. Used for centuries, the resin treats stomach ailments, including minor ulcers and dyspeptic disorders. Its properties are attributed to a complex composition of triterpenoids and essential oils.
Scientific investigation focuses on the resin’s antibacterial activity, particularly against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a common cause of stomach ulcers and chronic gastritis. Clinical trials have shown that administering 350 milligrams of mastic gum three times daily over two weeks can eliminate or significantly reduce H. pylori colonies, sometimes proving more effective than conventional treatments.
The resin is a prized culinary ingredient, offering a distinctive, pine-like, earthy flavor that is sweet and faintly bitter. It is incorporated into traditional Greek holiday breads like tsoureki and used as a flavoring agent in confections such as Turkish delight and ice creams. Mastic is also distilled to flavor spirits and liqueurs, and its natural chewing properties are utilized for breath freshening and oral hygiene.