Texas is defined by its sheer size, which translates into an enormous range of habitats supporting a rich and varied animal population. This immense territory acts as an ecological crossroads, where habitats and species from the eastern, western, northern, and southern regions of the continent converge. The result is a density of wildlife that includes hundreds of bird species, a high number of mammals, and a great diversity of reptiles and amphibians. Understanding the common animals in Texas requires recognizing that this abundance is dictated by distinct ecological zones.
The Ecoregional Divide
The state’s wildlife diversity is a consequence of its division into at least ten major ecological regions, where the climate, soil, and topography create unique living conditions. For example, the Piney Woods in East Texas are characterized by high rainfall, dense forests, and humid conditions, supporting species adapted to woodlands. Conversely, the Trans-Pecos region in West Texas is dominated by the Chihuahuan Desert, where animals must endure extreme aridity and temperature swings. The Gulf Coast Prairies and Marshes offer coastal wetlands and estuaries, providing habitat for aquatic and marsh-dwelling animals. The Central Great Plains, including the Hill Country and Edwards Plateau, features rugged, limestone terrain that influences the types of animals that thrive there. Due to this ecoregional divide, a species common in the eastern third of the state may be entirely absent from the western plains.
Iconic and Adaptable Mammals
Many commonly encountered Texas mammals have successfully adapted to a wide variety of ecoregions, often thriving near human development. The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is the most widespread large mammal, found in every county of the state, from the South Texas Plains brush to the eastern woodlands. This deer is a browser, with its diet consisting primarily of forbs and browse, making up over 80% of its annual food intake.
The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), the Texas State Small Mammal, is another ubiquitous species recognized by its carapace, which typically has nine movable bands. These animals are mainly nocturnal insectivores, using strong claws to forage for invertebrates like beetles, termites, and ants, which can make up over 90% of their diet. The armadillo’s distribution is limited mainly by hard clay soils and cold temperatures, but its range covers most of Texas except the far western Trans-Pecos.
The coyote (Canis latrans) is a highly successful and adaptable predator found in all Texas habitats, including densely populated urban areas where they often hunt at night. These canids are omnivorous, consuming a diverse diet of rabbits, rodents, insects, fruits, and carrion, which contributes to their extensive distribution. In suburban settings, coyotes capitalize on accessible resources such as household garbage and pet food, allowing them to thrive in smaller home ranges.
Reptiles and Amphibians of the Lone Star State
Texas is home to many reptile species frequently seen by residents, particularly the Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum). This flattened, spiky-bodied lizard, often called a “horny toad,” is found in arid and semi-arid areas with sandy soils, where its coloration provides excellent camouflage. The Texas horned lizard’s diet is highly specialized, consisting almost exclusively of harvester ants, which it ambushes along trails.
The state is also home to a variety of snakes, including common non-venomous species like the Texas rat snake and the coachwhip, which are important for rodent control. Venomous species fall into two groups: the pit vipers and the Texas coral snake. Pit vipers, which include rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths, are characterized by a triangular head shape and heat-sensing pits. The Texas coral snake, found in the eastern half of the state, is recognized by its slender body and alternating red, yellow, and black rings.
The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is a large reptile concentrated in the eastern third of Texas, particularly along the Gulf Coastal Plains, where swamps, rivers, and marshes provide suitable wetland habitat. Most alligators observed are typically 5 to 6 feet long, and their diet consists of fish, turtles, and small mammals as they mature. While they prefer freshwater, these reptiles can also tolerate the brackish water found in coastal estuaries.
Birds and Aquatic Life
Avian life in Texas is abundant, featuring both year-round residents and migratory species. Common backyard birds include the Northern Mockingbird, known for its ability to mimic other birds’ songs. Mourning Doves and White-winged Doves are also common, frequently seen foraging for seeds in parks and residential areas. Raptors like the Red-tailed Hawk are often seen soaring over open fields or perched on utility poles, while water bodies attract species like the Great Blue Heron.
In Texas’s extensive network of rivers, lakes, and the Gulf Coast, various aquatic species are commonly encountered, serving as indicators of healthy water systems. Freshwater fish, such as catfish, are widespread in rivers and reservoirs throughout the state. Along the Gulf Coast, the Red Drum, or Redfish, is a popular and frequently caught species inhabiting bays and estuaries. The coastal waters are also home to the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, the most common marine mammal observed in Texas’s bays.
Safe Observation and Interaction
Minimizing human-wildlife conflict begins with respecting the boundaries of wild animals and recognizing that they are not pets. Feeding wildlife, such as leaving pet food outdoors, contributes to habituation, making animals like coyotes and raccoons less wary of humans. Securing trash cans and removing attractants are practical steps that discourage animals from entering residential areas.
When encountering species that pose a safety risk, like snakes, the recommended practice is to observe from a distance and allow the animal to move away. Never attempt to handle or move a snake unless trained, as most bites occur when people interfere with them. Maintaining distance from alligators, especially during their breeding season from March through May, is important. One should never approach a wild animal, especially if it appears injured or sick, as this can expose humans to diseases like rabies.