The small, raised bumps on the areola, the darker skin surrounding the nipple, are a normal part of human anatomy. These structures are present in all people and are typically benign. While they can become more noticeable or change in appearance, their presence is not a sign of illness or disease. These specialized glands serve a biological function primarily related to skin health and, in certain circumstances, infant feeding.
The Identity and Function of Montgomery Glands
The bumps on the areola are known as Montgomery glands or Montgomery tubercles, named after the obstetrician who first described them. These are modified sebaceous glands, which are oil-producing glands found across the skin. Their purpose is to secrete a protective, waxy substance, similar to sebaceous glands found elsewhere on the body.
The substance produced is sebum, a mixture of fats and cellular debris discharged onto the skin surface. Sebum acts as a natural moisturizer, lubricating the areola and nipple to prevent dryness and cracking. This oily layer also contains antimicrobial properties that help clean the skin and protect the area from infection.
For those who breastfeed, these glands play an additional role by emitting specific scent compounds. This odor is believed to attract and guide the newborn to the nipple, helping the infant locate the source of milk. Studies suggest that a higher number of these glands may correlate with infants gaining weight faster and a quicker initiation of lactation. The glands support the body’s natural mechanism for infant feeding.
Normal Changes in Areola Bumps Over Time
The size and visibility of these glands are influenced by fluctuations in hormone levels throughout life. They may swell and become more prominent during puberty. The bumps can also appear larger or more raised during certain phases of the menstrual cycle.
Pregnancy often causes the most noticeable changes, as the glands increase in size, darken in color, or increase in number. This enlargement is one of the earliest physical changes to the breast, sometimes occurring before a missed menstrual period. After pregnancy or when breastfeeding ends, the glands typically shrink, though they may not fully return to their pre-pregnancy state. They also become less prominent after menopause, corresponding with the natural drop in estrogen levels.
When to Consult a Healthcare Provider
While areola bumps are typically harmless, specific signs indicate a need for medical attention. The glands can occasionally become blocked or irritated, which may lead to a localized infection or the formation of a small cyst. Consult a healthcare provider if the area develops persistent pain or is tender to the touch.
Symptoms requiring review include redness that spreads beyond the bump, localized heat, or the presence of pus-like discharge. Any bump that rapidly increases in size or feels like a hard lump distinct from the surface glands warrants prompt medical review. Seek professional guidance for any persistent breast changes that cause concern or deviate from the usual appearance.