The ancient name “bdellium” is historically linked with valuable materials in the earliest known texts, often mentioned alongside precious gold and stone. This term refers both to a debated precious substance and a powerfully aromatic plant resin. The following sections explore the historical and modern applications of the resin.
Clarifying the Identity of Bdellium
The material known as bdellium today is an aromatic oleo-gum resin exuded by specific trees of the Commiphora genus, related to the myrrh tree. The two main sources are Commiphora wightii (Indian bdellium or Guggul) and Commiphora africana (African bdellium). This resin is a semi-transparent substance that solidifies upon exposure to air.
The term “bdellium stone” originates from ancient literature, notably the Book of Genesis, where it is listed alongside gold and the onyx stone. Debate persists over whether the Hebrew word bedolach referred to the resin, a pearl, a crystal, or another precious mineral. The Biblical description of manna having the color of bdellium suggests a translucent, white, or waxy appearance.
Traditional Medicinal Applications
Traditional medicine systems, particularly Ayurveda in India, have utilized the resin from Commiphora wightii (Guggul) for thousands of years, primarily for its anti-inflammatory and lipid-modulating properties. The resin contains guggulsterones, which were traditionally thought to help regulate cholesterol levels and support cardiovascular health. This led to its use for chronic conditions related to lipid accumulation.
The oleo-gum resin was also historically applied externally and taken internally to address inflammatory conditions. Practitioners employed it as an antiseptic for disinfecting wounds and as an anti-inflammatory agent for joint issues like rheumatism and arthritis. Its expectorant and carminative properties led to its use in treating respiratory ailments, such as coughs and asthma, and relieving digestive complaints like indigestion and flatulence.
Spiritual and Aromatic Uses
Beyond traditional health practices, bdellium resin has a long history of use as an aromatic material for incense and perfumery, serving as a less expensive alternative to myrrh. When burned, the resin releases a balsamic, cedar-like aroma, incorporated into various religious and spiritual ceremonies. In ancient traditions, it was used for purification rituals and to create a sacred atmosphere.
The resin, particularly Guggul, is still used as an incense in certain Buddhist and magical practices. It is claimed to facilitate deeper states of awareness and provide protection. The metaphysical concept of a “bdellium stone,” while not a true geological stone, carries spiritual weight in some modern New Age practices, associated with promoting grounding and spiritual cohesion.
Modern Commercial Use and Safety Considerations
Today, bdellium resin is most often found commercially as a dietary supplement marketed under the name Guggul, or as an essential oil used in aromatherapy and perfumery. The supplements are standardized to contain active guggulsterone compounds, primarily targeting cholesterol management and inflammatory conditions, though clinical evidence supporting a significant reduction in overall cholesterol remains inconclusive.
Guggul products are regulated under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) in the United States, meaning they are not subjected to the same rigorous safety and efficacy review by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as pharmaceutical drugs. Guggul is generally considered safe when used appropriately for short periods, but it can cause side effects, including stomach upset, headache, and allergic skin rashes, especially at higher doses. Guggul is known to slow blood clotting and may interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners and hormonal therapies, including birth control pills and thyroid medications. Consulting a healthcare provider is prudent before incorporating any new herbal supplement, particularly for pregnant or breastfeeding individuals, or those with existing medical conditions.