Catmint refers to the genus Nepeta, a group of perennial herbs in the mint family, Lamiaceae. This genus encompasses approximately 250 species, known for their aromatic foliage and clusters of small, typically lavender-blue flowers. The species most famously associated with the feline reaction is Nepeta cataria, or catnip. Ornamental varieties, such as Nepeta x faassenii, are also widely cultivated for their tidy, long-blooming habit in garden settings rather than their potency for household pets.
The Chemistry Behind the Feline Reaction
The behavioral response observed in domestic cats and other wild felids is initiated by the volatile organic compound nepetalactone, a type of iridoid found in the plant’s leaves and stems. When a cat sniffs the bruised or crushed foliage, nepetalactone enters the nasal cavity and binds to specific receptors within the olfactory epithelium. This binding then stimulates the olfactory bulb, the region of the brain responsible for processing scents, and subsequently triggers neural activity in the amygdala and hypothalamus.
The chemical acts as a pheromone mimic, and its effect is linked to the release of $\beta$-endorphin, an opioid peptide that activates $\mu$-opioid receptors in the cat’s brain. This neurochemical process results in a temporary state of euphoria, often characterized by actions such as rolling, rubbing, licking, and excessive vocalization, lasting for about five to fifteen minutes. The response is hereditary and is only observed in about two-thirds of adult domestic cats, demonstrating a distinct genetic component. Furthermore, kittens do not typically exhibit the behavior until they are several months old, indicating the trait is linked to sexual maturity.
Horticultural Advantages
Catmint species are valued in the garden for their ecological benefits. The plant’s long season of lavender to blue flowers makes it an excellent resource for beneficial insects, attracting pollinators such as honeybees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. Including catmint in a garden bed supports local ecosystems and encourages the health of food crops and other flowering plants.
The strong, mint-like scent of the foliage functions as a natural pest deterrent. This makes catmint a practical choice for companion planting, as it repels certain garden pests. The plant can help keep away unwanted visitors like deer and rabbits, in addition to specific insect species, including beetles and aphids.
Traditional and Modern Human Uses
Historically, various Nepeta species have been used in traditional folk medicine, primarily through herbal teas brewed from the dried leaves and flowering tops. The plant was traditionally employed as a mild sedative to promote relaxation and aid sleep, and as a remedy for digestive discomfort. It was used to address symptoms such as colic, indigestion, and gas.
While nepetalactone is present, other volatile oils and compounds contribute to the plant’s mild therapeutic effects on humans. These components lend the herb antispasmodic and carminative properties, which help soothe muscle tension in the digestive tract. Though modern scientific data supporting human benefits is limited, the tradition of using catmint tea as a calming nervine persists as a home remedy.
Safety and Preparation Considerations
Catmint is generally considered to have a low toxicity profile for both humans and pets, but responsible preparation is recommended. For human use, the dried leaves are typically steeped in hot water to make an herbal infusion, with a recommendation of two teaspoons of dried herb per cup of boiling water. Ingesting very high doses can potentially lead to minor side effects in humans, such as mild headaches or vomiting.
For felines, catmint is safe, and the effects are primarily behavioral, though excessive ingestion may occasionally cause minor gastrointestinal upset like temporary vomiting or diarrhea. Pregnant cats should avoid consumption, as the plant has been traditionally linked to uterine stimulation. Pet owners should ensure the plant is not contaminated with pesticides or other chemicals before allowing a cat to interact with it.