The pigmented skin surrounding the nipple, known as the areola, often features small, raised bumps that can cause concern. These elevations are common anatomical structures that are typically harmless and serve a specific biological function. This overview explains the most frequent types of bumps found in this area and clarifies when a change might warrant medical attention.
The Primary Bumps on the Areola
The most prominent and numerous bumps on the areola are the areolar glands, commonly known as Montgomery glands. These are specialized sebaceous glands—oil-producing glands modified for the unique needs of the breast. They appear as small, flesh-colored or pale elevations scattered across the areola, sometimes resembling goosebumps or tiny pimples. The number of these glands varies significantly, ranging from a few to as many as 40 on a single areola. While present in all adults, they often become more noticeable or enlarged during hormonal fluctuations, such as puberty or pregnancy. This change in size is a normal response to preparing the body for potential lactation.
Function of the Glands
The primary role of the Montgomery glands is to support the health of the nipple-areola complex, especially for infant feeding. They produce a natural, oily secretion called sebum, which lubricates the skin and helps prevent drying and cracking. Sebum also contains antimicrobial properties that protect the delicate skin from infection. The secretions also play a role in communication with a newborn. Studies indicate the oil contains volatile compounds that emit a specific scent recognized by infants. This aroma acts as an olfactory cue, helping a baby locate the nipple and encouraging effective latching immediately after birth.
Other Normal Variations
Not all bumps on the areola are Montgomery glands; the area exhibits other normal skin structures. Hair follicles are present and can sometimes become slightly raised, leading to occasional ingrown hairs or minor acne-like breakouts. These temporary bumps are typically caused by clogged pores or mild irritation and usually resolve on their own. Minor sebaceous cysts, which are small pockets beneath the skin filled with oily material, can also form near the areola. The skin on the nipple itself contains small muscle fibers called arrector pili. These fibers contract in response to cold or stimulation, causing the nipple to become erect and the skin to appear temporarily bumpy, similar to goosebumps.
When to Consult a Doctor
While most bumps on the nipple and areola are benign anatomical features, certain changes should prompt a consultation with a healthcare provider. Any new lump that feels hard, fixed, or irregular in shape, especially if it does not move easily under the skin, requires prompt evaluation. These characteristics differ from the soft, movable texture of normal Montgomery glands. Other concerning signs include a persistent, non-healing rash or skin flaking that does not improve with simple care, which may suggest a condition like Paget’s disease. A doctor should also investigate any spontaneous discharge from the nipple, particularly if it is bloody or clear, or if the nipple begins to turn inward or invert. Monitoring for pain, swelling, or rapid changes in an existing bump is always the best approach to ensuring breast health.