Vaping is a widely used nicotine delivery system, but many users report adverse effects localized to the upper respiratory tract. Irritation, dryness, and soreness of the throat are common complaints, often experienced immediately after use. This discomfort arises from the physical properties and chemical components within the aerosolized liquid. Understanding how these factors interact with the delicate tissues of the throat provides insight into managing these unwanted sensations.
Immediate Symptoms of Vaping Irritation
The immediate sensation many users experience is a scratchy or sore throat, medically termed pharyngitis, which begins moments after inhaling the vapor. This acute irritation is frequently accompanied by a persistent cough reflex, the body’s attempt to clear the irritating substance from the airway. The harshness felt at the back of the throat is often called “throat hit,” ranging from a mild tingling to an uncomfortable burning sensation.
Another highly reported side effect is dry mouth, or xerostomia, which results from the dehydrating nature of the e-liquid components. This reduced saliva production can lead to temporary loss or alteration of taste perception, known as “vaper’s tongue.” These short-term symptoms tend to be temporary and often resolve shortly after taking a drink or ceasing use.
How E-Liquid Components Cause Throat Discomfort
The primary mechanism of irritation is linked to Propylene Glycol (PG), one of the main carrier fluids in e-liquids. PG is a highly hygroscopic substance, meaning it actively draws moisture from the mucous membranes that line the throat. This dehydration leads directly to the dryness and scratchiness experienced by users.
Vegetable Glycerin (VG), the other main carrier fluid, is less hygroscopic and tends to provide a smoother experience. However, the physical heat of the vapor generated by the device also contributes to irritation, especially when using high-wattage settings. Higher concentrations of freebase nicotine increase the alkalinity of the vapor, resulting in a stronger and harsher “throat hit.”
Flavoring agents further complicate the issue, as certain chemicals used to create flavors can be direct irritants to the throat tissue. Flavor profiles like cinnamon, menthol, or strong citrus are known to exacerbate the irritating sensation. Menthol, while cooling, can also increase the absorption of other irritating compounds.
Potential Chronic Effects on the Larynx and Pharynx
Prolonged exposure to the irritating components of the vapor can cause sustained changes in the upper airway tissues. Studies have observed pro-inflammatory responses and histological changes in the upper airway subsites of e-cigarette users. Chronic inflammation, similar to chronic pharyngitis or laryngitis, may develop as the tissues of the throat and voice box cope with repeated exposure to heat and chemicals.
The normal function of the mucociliary escalator, the system responsible for clearing inhaled particles from the airway, can become impaired. Exposure to vapor reduces the hydration of the airway surface liquid and increases mucus viscosity, decreasing the ability of the cilia to effectively move mucus. This poor clearance function can lead to a buildup of mucus and inhaled substances, contributing to persistent throat clearing and cough.
Strategies for Reducing Vaping-Related Throat Irritation
Users experiencing throat irritation can employ several practical strategies to mitigate the side effects. Staying consistently hydrated is a foundational step, as drinking plenty of water helps counteract the dehydrating effects of Propylene Glycol on the mucous membranes. This increased water intake helps the throat tissues remain moist and less sensitive to irritation.
Modifying the e-liquid composition is another effective measure, specifically by switching to a higher Vegetable Glycerin (VG) ratio (70% VG or higher) to reduce the irritating effect of PG. Lowering the nicotine strength will also result in a smoother experience, as high nicotine levels intensify the harshness of the throat hit. Alternatively, transitioning to nicotine salts, which have a lower pH, delivers a smoother sensation compared to traditional freebase nicotine.
Finally, adjusting the device settings to a lower wattage or temperature reduces the heat of the vapor. This minimizes the thermal irritation to the throat.