Teething involves a baby’s primary teeth pushing through the gums. This developmental milestone typically begins when an infant is between six and twelve months old, though the exact timing varies greatly. Understanding the visual signs helps parents anticipate changes and discomfort.
The Classic Visual Signs of Teething Gums
The most commonly observed sign of an incoming tooth is localized inflammation. Normally smooth and uniform pink, the gums often become visibly swollen or puffy directly above the erupting tooth. This swelling occurs as the tooth crown exerts upward pressure against the soft tissue.
Along with swelling, the color changes from pale pink to a more intense, sometimes bright red or darker pink hue. This discoloration is due to increased blood flow and tenderness as the tooth moves closer to the surface. The gums may also appear stretched or shiny.
Parents may notice a distinct ridge or small, raised mound along the gumline where the tooth is developing beneath. When gently touched, the area may feel firm and slightly rigid. Eventually, a small, pale white spot may become visible right at the gumline, signaling the tip of the tooth is about to break through.
Common Variations and Non-Standard Appearances
Some visual changes, though alarming, are normal variations of the teething process. One is the eruption cyst, a small, fluid-filled swelling that forms over an erupting tooth. These cysts are generally benign and typically resolve on their own when the tooth breaks through.
If the cyst contains blood, it is called an eruption hematoma and appears as a bluish, purplish, or deep red bump on the gum. This discoloration happens when minor blood vessels rupture due to tooth pressure, trapping blood beneath the surface. Hematomas are temporary and do not require treatment, as the tooth will emerge through the lesion.
Another variation involves small, white, pearl-like spots on the gums that are not the tooth edge. These can be tiny keratin cysts or benign calcifications. They are generally harmless and will disappear as the gum tissue matures or the tooth erupts.
Associated Symptoms Beyond the Gums
The visual changes in the gums are often accompanied by related physical and behavioral indicators. Increased saliva production, known as drooling, is a frequent systemic symptom associated with teething. Excessive drooling can lead to a mild rash around the mouth and chin due to constant moisture and irritation.
Babies often exhibit a heightened urge to chew or gnaw on objects, hands, or toys to counteract the uncomfortable pressure and tenderness in their gums. This action provides counter-pressure that helps temporarily alleviate the deep ache caused by the erupting tooth. Mild irritability, fussiness, and slight disruption to sleep patterns are also common.
While teething can cause a slight elevation in body temperature, a true fever (100.4°F or 38°C or higher) is not directly caused by tooth eruption. If a baby develops a high fever, diarrhea, or other signs of illness, parents should consult a healthcare provider to rule out other infections.