Centipedes do not technically “bite” using mouthparts. Instead, they envenomate using specialized, pincer-like appendages near the head called forcipules. These modified front legs pierce the skin and inject venom as a defense mechanism or to subdue prey. Although commonly called a “centipede bite,” the injury is scientifically classified as an envenomation or sting. Most centipede injuries are not life-threatening to humans because the venom dosage is small. However, the injected toxins cause immediate and significant localized discomfort. The severity of the reaction depends on the centipede’s size and the amount of venom injected, with larger species generally causing more intense symptoms.
The Physical Appearance of the Centipede Injury
The most telling sign of a centipede injury is the pair of distinct puncture marks left by the forcipules. These two small wounds are typically close together and often form a slightly inverted ‘V’ or chevron shape. Immediately after the envenomation, the surrounding skin develops localized redness and mild to moderate swelling. This swelling is the body’s natural inflammatory response to the injected venom. Minor bleeding or slight bruising may also be observed at the site. In rare cases, the venom can cause localized tissue damage, which may present as a hardening of the skin or even minor tissue death near the punctures. The symptoms usually resolve within 48 hours to a few days, though localized discoloration may take longer to fade.
Common Local Symptoms and Sensations
The hallmark of centipede envenomation is the rapid onset of intense, sharp pain at the injury site. This sensation is often described as a severe burning or stinging, immediately signaling that venom has been injected. The pain level varies significantly, ranging from comparable to a typical bee sting from smaller species, to excruciating pain from larger centipedes. Following the initial sharp pain, many people experience a throbbing sensation that can persist for several hours. The localized area may also become tender to the touch and develop intense itchiness as the body reacts to the venom. A temporary, localized numbness or tingling sensation can occur around the wound. Localized effects can sometimes include an enlargement of nearby lymph nodes. These symptoms usually run their course and disappear within a day or two, though the discomfort may warrant pain management.
Immediate Care and When to Seek Medical Attention
Immediate care should focus on minimizing the venom’s effects and preventing secondary infection. First, thoroughly wash the wound and surrounding area with soap and water. Applying a cold compress or an ice pack wrapped in a cloth helps reduce swelling and intense pain. Over-the-counter pain relievers or antihistamines can be used to manage discomfort and itching. Ensuring tetanus vaccination is current is also a prudent measure. You should seek professional medical attention immediately if systemic symptoms develop, as these indicate a severe reaction.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Seek medical attention if you experience systemic symptoms such as:
- Widespread swelling beyond the injury site.
- A rapid heart rate.
- Dizziness or nausea.
- Difficulty breathing.
Consultation is also necessary if localized symptoms worsen after 48 hours, or if you notice signs of secondary infection, including:
- Fever.
- Red streaks spreading from the wound.
- Foul-smelling discharge.