The perception of a bubble or a raised area on the surface of the eye often causes concern, but this symptom usually relates to a localized issue on the eye’s outer layer. These appearances are typically surface-level growths or swelling of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane covering the white part of the eye. While the sensation of a bubble can be concerning, the causes are frequently benign, often stemming from environmental factors or minor irritations. Understanding the specific nature of the raised area helps determine if the condition requires observation or medical attention.
The Most Common Cause: Pinguecula
The most frequent cause of a small, bubble-like appearance is a pinguecula, a non-cancerous patch or bump on the conjunctiva. This growth is generally yellowish or white, slightly raised, and often triangular. It is composed of fat, protein, and calcium deposits. A pinguecula typically forms on the side of the eye closest to the nose, but it can appear on the outer side as well.
Long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is the primary cause of pinguecula development. Other environmental irritants, such as chronic wind, dust, and dry air, also contribute to its formation. While many people experience no symptoms, others may feel a persistent sensation like something is stuck in the eye.
The growth can become inflamed, a condition known as pingueculitis, leading to redness and swelling. Management usually focuses on relieving symptoms through lubricating eye drops to combat dryness and irritation. For significant inflammation, a doctor may prescribe anti-inflammatory or steroid eye drops. A pinguecula does not extend over the cornea, meaning it does not directly interfere with vision.
A Related Growth: Pterygium
A pterygium is a related growth that shares a similar origin but appears more fleshy and vascular than a pinguecula. This condition is sometimes called “surfer’s eye” due to its association with prolonged sun exposure and outdoor activity. A pterygium is a raised, triangular-shaped piece of tissue that starts on the conjunctiva, often near the corner of the eye closest to the nose.
The difference is that a pterygium can grow across the limbus—the border between the white of the eye and the cornea—and extend onto the corneal surface. This progression can affect vision by physically blocking the light path or by warping the cornea’s shape, causing astigmatism. Symptoms include eye irritation, redness, a gritty or burning sensation, and sometimes blurry vision if the growth advances.
In the early stages, treatment involves lubricating drops and steroid drops to manage inflammation and discomfort. If the pterygium grows significantly and threatens to obscure vision, or if it causes persistent discomfort, surgical removal may be recommended. Modern surgical techniques often involve placing a tissue graft to reduce the chance of the growth returning.
Other Bubble-Like Appearances
Less common causes for a localized bubble or swelling include fluid accumulation or small sacs that develop on the eye’s surface. Conjunctival cysts are small, clear, fluid-filled sacs that form on the conjunctiva, appearing as a translucent bubble. These cysts often result from chronic inflammation, injury, or blocked ducts causing a buildup of eye secretions.
Another presentation that can look like a large blister or bubble is chemosis, the swelling of the conjunctiva due to fluid accumulation. This swelling is an inflammatory response, often triggered by severe allergies, eye infections like conjunctivitis, or trauma. In severe cases, the membrane can swell so much that it becomes difficult to close the eyes completely.
A different type of bubble, an air or gas bubble, is rarely seen but can occur following specific surgical procedures, particularly for retinal detachment. During this surgery, a gas (like sulfur hexafluoride or perfluoropropane) is injected to hold the retina in place while it heals. This gas bubble remains temporarily, gradually shrinking and being naturally absorbed by the eye over a period ranging from a few days to several weeks, depending on the gas used.
When to Seek Professional Help
While many bubble-like appearances are benign, certain signs indicate the need for prompt evaluation by an eye care specialist. Any sudden onset of a new growth or swelling should be examined, especially if accompanied by severe pain. A rapid change in the size or color of an existing bump also warrants immediate attention.
Vision changes are a serious symptom, including significant blurring, loss of vision, or the sudden appearance of new floaters or flashes of light. These visual symptoms can indicate a retinal issue or a growth interfering with the cornea. If the bubble-like appearance follows an eye injury or recent surgery, or if the swelling prevents the eyelid from closing fully, seek professional medical advice.