A visible, localized red spot on the white part of the eye (sclera) can be concerning. While the bright red color may look severe, the most common cause is usually benign and does not affect vision. This phenomenon is essentially an isolated bruise on the surface of the eye, typically occurring without pain or change in sight.
Identifying the “Red Dot”: Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
The condition you are most likely experiencing is called a subconjunctival hemorrhage (SCH). This occurs when one of the tiny, fragile blood vessels, known as capillaries, breaks underneath the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is a thin, clear membrane that covers the white of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.
When a capillary ruptures, blood leaks out. Because the conjunctiva and the sclera underneath are tightly bound, the blood becomes trapped in this small space. This trapped blood creates the bright red patch visible on the eye’s surface. The condition is typically painless, acting more like a bruise than a deep injury.
Everyday Triggers That Cause the Bleeding
The rupture of these small vessels often results from a sudden, temporary spike in venous blood pressure. Any activity that involves intense straining or a Valsalva maneuver can trigger this increase in pressure, causing the vessel to burst. Common everyday triggers include forceful sneezing, severe coughing fits, or vomiting.
Other activities that increase pressure include straining during a bowel movement or heavy lifting. Minor trauma, such as rubbing the eye too vigorously or wearing contact lenses, can also cause rupture. Less frequently, underlying systemic issues like high blood pressure or the use of blood-thinning medications contribute to vessel fragility, making them more prone to rupture.
How Long Until the Spot Clears Up?
A subconjunctival hemorrhage heals on its own without specific medical treatment. The body naturally reabsorbs the trapped blood over time, similar to how a bruise on the skin resolves. This reabsorption process typically takes between one to three weeks, depending on the size of the initial hemorrhage.
No eye drops, ointments, or medications will speed up the healing process, though artificial tears may be recommended for grittiness or irritation. As the blood breaks down, the red spot will change color, much like a fading bruise. The bright red patch may darken slightly before turning a yellowish or greenish hue as the condition resolves.
Warning Signs and When to Call a Doctor
While most subconjunctival hemorrhages are harmless, certain signs indicate the need for medical attention. The presence of pain is important, as an SCH itself is usually only associated with mild irritation or a scratchy sensation. If the red spot is accompanied by significant eye pain, it may signal a different or more serious underlying problem.
Changes in vision, such as blurriness or vision loss, require prompt professional evaluation. You should seek medical care if any of the following occur:
- You notice discharge from the eye.
- The red spot resulted from a blow or significant injury to the head or eye.
- The spot does not begin to clear up within two to three weeks.
- You experience frequent, unexplained recurrences.
These symptoms may indicate underlying systemic conditions like a blood-clotting disorder or uncontrolled high blood pressure.