Accidental exposure of children to vaping products is a serious medical concern due to the highly concentrated nicotine and other chemicals involved. Nicotine in the e-liquid is toxic even in very small amounts. The physical components of the device itself, such as the battery and small parts, also present distinct hazards. Caregivers must understand the swift actions required and the specific risks associated with accidental exposure.
Immediate Action: What to Do Right Now
The most important step is to call a medical professional immediately, regardless of whether symptoms are present. Do not wait for signs of distress, as liquid nicotine is absorbed rapidly through ingestion or skin contact. Contact the national Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222 for first-aid instructions tailored to the situation.
If the child has swallowed any substance, remove any remaining liquid from their mouth, but do not induce vomiting unless instructed by Poison Control. If e-liquid spills onto the skin, immediately remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with lukewarm water and soap for at least 15 minutes. Nicotine is rapidly absorbed through the skin, making quick decontamination essential.
Call 911 or emergency medical services immediately if the baby collapses, has a seizure, or is struggling to breathe. While awaiting emergency services, monitor the baby’s breathing, color, and responsiveness closely. Having the product container or packaging available helps medical professionals determine the concentration of nicotine and other chemicals involved.
Dangers of E-Liquid Ingestion
E-liquids, especially those used for refilling devices, pose a grave danger because they contain highly concentrated nicotine. For an average-sized toddler, ingesting as little as 1/6 of a milliliter of highly concentrated e-liquid can be lethal. Nicotine acts as a neurotoxin by targeting the central nervous system through its interaction with nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
Nicotine poisoning often follows a biphasic pattern, starting with a rapid onset of stimulatory effects within minutes of exposure. Early symptoms include increased salivation, vomiting, pale skin, sweating, and a rapid heart rate (tachycardia). The child may also appear agitated, shaky, or exhibit tremors.
In cases of larger doses, the initial stimulatory phase progresses into a depressor phase one to four hours after exposure. This phase involves a slowing of the heart rate (bradycardia), low blood pressure (hypotension), and central nervous system depression. Severe exposure can lead to seizures, coma, and life-threatening respiratory failure.
Risks Associated with Vapor Inhalation and Physical Contact
Accidental exposure does not only involve swallowing the liquid; infants can also be harmed by inhaling the aerosol or through physical contact with the device itself. Secondhand vapor is not harmless water vapor, but rather an aerosol containing nicotine, ultra-fine particles, and toxic chemicals. These chemicals can include heavy metals like lead and nickel, as well as carcinogens such as formaldehyde.
Inhaling this aerosol can irritate a baby’s developing respiratory system, potentially leading to coughing and shortness of breath. Exposure to nicotine and other toxins in the secondhand vapor is a concern for a child’s developing brain and lungs. Furthermore, nicotine in the aerosol can settle on household surfaces and clothing, creating a risk of thirdhand exposure when a baby touches or mouths these contaminated objects.
The physical device presents distinct hazards, particularly burns and choking risks. Vaping devices are powered by lithium-ion batteries, which have been known to overheat, catch fire, or explode, leading to severe second- or third-degree burns. The small pods or cartridges used in many vapes are a clear choking hazard if swallowed and can obstruct a child’s airway.
Prevention and Safe Storage
Prevention requires proactive measures, as regulatory safeguards like child-resistant packaging are not completely child-proof. All vaping products, including devices, e-liquids, and spare cartridges, must be stored in a secure location out of sight and reach of children. A high, locked cabinet is the ideal storage method.
When purchasing products, select those that utilize child-resistant packaging, and ensure the caps are twisted fully closed after every use. If a product is finished or expired, follow the disposal instructions on the label to ensure residual nicotine does not contaminate household trash. Always practice thorough handwashing immediately after handling any e-liquid or device to remove chemical residue before touching a child.